epithelium

Serpin F1 is secreted Neurotrophic protein and belongs to the serpin family. Serpin F1 Highly expressed in the liver, gastric glandular mucosa and renal tubules. It is also expressed in the brain, heart, lung retina and testes. It induces extensive neuronal differentiation in retinoblastoma cells. It is potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. As it does not undergo the S (stressed) to R (relaxed) conformational transition characteristic of active serpins, exhibits no serine protease inhibitory activity.

RPE65 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus.

PSIP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 76.1 kDa and the accession number is O75475.

PNPLA2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 71.3 kDa and the accession number is Q96AD5.

Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2) is an 18-21 kDa member of the PDI family of enzymes. AGR2 is widely expressed in secretory cells, such as small intestine goblet, prostate epithelium, enteroendocrine cells, and multiple carcinoma cell types. AGR2 forms transient disulfide linkages with molecules destined for secretion, possibly aiding protein folding. Expression of AGR2 shows a positive correlation with expression of estrogen receptor in breast carcinoma and a negative correlation with expression of EGF receptor. Mature human AGR2 is 155 amino acids (aa) in length (aa 21 - 175). Cys81 is presumed to participate in intermolecular bond formation. Over aa 21 - 175, human AGR2 shares 94% aa identity with mouse AGR2.

Surfactant Pulmonary-Associated Protein D (SP-D) is a 43 kDa member of the collectin family of innate immune modulators. Its principal components consist of a collagen-like region and a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), a structure that places it in a subset of pattern recognition proteins termed defense collagens. SP-D is constitutively secreted by alveolar lining cells and epithelium associated with tubular structures and induced in cardiac smooth muscle and endothelial cells. It binds both secreted and transmembrane proteins that transduce its function. It binds human neutrophil defensins, modulating influenza anti-viral defense. It binds MD-2/LY96, a secreted protein that cooperates with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the response of macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or cell wall components. It also binds macrophage CD14 and TLRs directly, blocking binding of LPS and down-regulating TNF-α secretion. SP-D binding of both SIRPα and the calreticulin/CD91 complex on macrophages allows for a graded response to environmental challenge.

Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGF R) is a glycosylated receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a central role in epithelial morphogenesis and cancer development. HGF R is synthesized as a single chain precursor which undergoes cotranslational proteolytic cleavage. Mature HGF R is a disulfide-linked dimer composed of a 50 kDa extracellular α chain and a 145 kDa transmembrane β chain. Proteolysis and alternate splicing generate additional forms of human HGF R which either lack of the kinase domain, consist of secreted extracellular domains, or are deficient in proteolytic separation of the α and β chains. The sema domain, which is formed by both α and β chains of HGF R, mediates both ligand binding and receptor dimerization. HGF stimulation induces HGF R downregulation via internalization and proteasomedependent degradation. Paracrine induction of epithelial cell scattering and branching tubulogenesis results from the stimulation of HGF R on undifferentiated epithelium by HGF released from neighboring mesenchymal cells.

MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK) encodes a surface receptor localized at the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. It plays a critical role in photoreceptor outer segment internalization prior to phagocytosis. Mutations in MERTK have been associated with severe autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies in the RCS rat and in humans. MERTK/Mer Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 53.73 kDa and the accession number is Q12866-1.

MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK) encodes a surface receptor localized at the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. It plays a critical role in photoreceptor outer segment internalization prior to phagocytosis. Mutations in MERTK have been associated with severe autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies in the RCS rat and in humans. MERTK/Mer Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 78.9 kDa and the accession number is Q12866-1.

MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK) encodes a surface receptor localized at the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. It plays a critical role in photoreceptor outer segment internalization prior to phagocytosis. Mutations in MERTK have been associated with severe autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies in the RCS rat and in humans. MERTK/Mer Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 53.38 kDa and the accession number is Q60805.

Interleukin‑17C (IL‑17C) is a 15‑20 kDa glycosylated cytokine that plays an important role in mucosal immunity and chronic inflammation. The six IL‑17 cytokines (IL‑17A‑F) are encoded by separate genes but adopt a conserved cystine knot fold. IL‑17C is Cytokine that plays a crucial role in innate immunity of the epithelium, including to intestinal bacterial pathogens, in an autocrine manner. Stimulates the production of antibacterial peptides and proinflammatory molecules for host defense by signaling through the NF-kappa-B and MAPK pathways. Acts synergically with IL22 in inducing the expression of antibacterial peptides, including S100A8, S100A9, REG3A and REG3G.

Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough. An essential step in the disease process is the attachment of the bacteria to the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, enabling the organism to resist normal host-clearance mechanisms. It is unclear which bacterial cell surface component are responsible for adherence but the fimbriae of B.pertussis are prime candidates for being involved in this process. Serotype 3 fimbrial subunit Protein, Bordetella pertussis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.2 kDa and the accession number is P17835.

Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs. F41 fimbrial Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.4 kDa and the accession number is P11900.

Plays a role as a neuroprotective factor. Protects against neuronal cell death induced by multiple different familial Alzheimer disease genes and amyloid-beta proteins in Alzheimer disease. Mediates its neuroprotective effect by interacting with a receptor complex composed of IL6ST/GP130, IL27RA/WSX1 and CNTFR. Also acts as a ligand for G-protein coupled receptors FPR2/FPRL1 and FPR3/FPRL2. Inhibits amyloid-beta protein 40 fibril formation. Also inhibits amyloid-beta protein 42 fibril formation. Suppresses apoptosis by binding to BAX and preventing the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria. Also suppresses apoptosis by binding to BID and inhibiting the interaction of BID with BAX and BAK which prevents oligomerization of BAX and BAK and suppresses release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Forms fibers with BAX and also with BID, inducing BAX and BID conformational changes and sequestering them into the fibers which prevents their activation. Can also suppress apoptosis by interacting with BIM isoform BimEL, inhibiting BimEL-induced activation of BAX, blocking oligomerization of BAX and BAK, and preventing release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Plays a role in up-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein BIRC6/APOLLON, leading to inhibition of neuronal cell death. Binds to IGFBP3 and specifically blocks IGFBP3-induced cell death. Competes with importin KPNB1 for binding to IGFBP3 which is likely to block IGFBP3 nuclear import. Induces chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes via FPR2/FPRL1. Reduces aggregation and fibrillary formation by suppressing the effect of APP on mononuclear phagocytes and acts by competitively inhibiting the access of FPR2 to APP. Protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells against oxidative stress-induced and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in RPE cells following oxidative stress and promotes STAT3 phosphorylation which leads to inhibition of CASP3 release. Also reduces CASP4 levels in RPE cells, suppresses ER stress-induced mitochondrial superoxide production and plays a role in up-regulation of mitochondrial glutathione. Reduces testicular hormone deprivation-induced apoptosis of germ cells at the nonandrogen-sensitive stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. Protects endothelial cells against free fatty acid-induced inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress, reducing expression of TXNIP and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18. Protects against high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by mediating activation of ERK5 which leads to increased expression of transcription factor KLF2 and prevents monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Inhibits the inflammatory response in astrocytes. Increases the expression of PPARGC1A/PGC1A in pancreatic beta cells which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Increases insulin sensitivity.

Cell surface receptor that transfers passive humoral immunity from the mother to the newborn. Binds to the Fc region of monomeric immunoglobulin gamma and mediates its selective uptake from milk. IgG in the milk is bound at the apical surface of the intestinal epithelium. The resultant FcRn-IgG complexes are transcytosed across the intestinal epithelium and IgG is released from FcRn into blood or tissue fluids. Throughout life, contributes to effective humoral immunity by recycling IgG and extending its half-life in the circulation. Mechanistically, monomeric IgG binding to FcRn in acidic endosomes of endothelial and hematopoietic cells recycles IgG to the cell surface where it is released into the circulation. In addition of IgG, regulates homeostasis of the other most abundant circulating protein albumin/ALB.; (Microbial infection) Acts as an uncoating receptor for a panel of echoviruses including Echovirus 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 25 and 29.

May play a role in the regulation of extra-urea cycle arginine metabolism and also in down-regulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Extrahepatic arginase functions to regulate L-arginine bioavailability to nitric oxid synthase (NOS). Arginine metabolism is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Seems to be involved in negative regulation of the survival capacity of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. May suppress inflammation-related signaling in asthmatic airway epithelium. May contribute to the immune evasion of H.pylori by restricting M1 macrophage activation and polyamine metabolism. May play a role in promoting prenatal immune suppression. Regulates RPS6KB1 signaling, which promotes endothelial cell senescence and inflammation and implicates NOS3/eNOS dysfunction. Can inhibit endothelial autophagy independently of its enzymatic activity implicating mTORC2 signaling. Involved in vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and apoptosis independently of its enzymatic activity.

Acts as an ADP-ribosylating toxin, which may transfer the ADP-ribosyl group from NAD(+) to specific amino acids in target proteins. Elicits cytopathic effects in mammalian cells, such as disorganization and disruption of respiratory epithelial integrity in tracheal epithelium and vacuolization in the cytoplasm of CHO and HeLa cells.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a critical hormone in the regulation of Ca++ homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney. Another hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, binds to the same receptor as parathyroid hormone and has major effects on development. Like most other protein hormones, parathyroid hormone is synthesized as a preprohormone. After intracellular processing, the mature hormone is packaged with in the Golgi into secretory vesicles, the secreted into blood by exocytosis. In renal epithelium, PTH promotes conversion of Vitamin D to its active form, lowers Ca++ excretion and increases phosphate excretion. PTH also increases hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and mobilization and induces arterial vasodilation by regulating Ca++ influx in PTH1R-expressing arterial smooth muscle.

Galectins are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with specificity for N-acetyl-lactosamine-containing glycoproteins. Galectin-4 is a 36 kDa tandem-repeat galectin found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but also present in well-differentiated breast and liver carcinomas. Galectin-4 expression is concentrated within microvilli in the gastrointestinal epithelium, where it can interact with CD3 and bind activated T cells in the lamina propria during intestinal inflammation.

In the first trimester, the GM-CSF-R was found to be present on villous cytotrophoblast and all populations of extravillous trophoblast. Expression by villous syncytiotrophoblast was weak or absent, but this increased markedly by term. GM-CSF-R were also expressed by fetal Hofbauer cells within the mesenchyme of the chorionic villi and by uterine glandular epithelium and decidual macrophages within maternal decidua. GM-CSFR alpha Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.1 kDa and the accession number is Q00941.

Plays a role as a neuroprotective factor. Protects against neuronal cell death induced by multiple different familial Alzheimer disease genes and amyloid-beta proteins in Alzheimer disease. Mediates its neuroprotective effect by interacting with a receptor complex composed of IL6ST/GP130, IL27RA/WSX1 and CNTFR. Also acts as a ligand for G-protein coupled receptors FPR2/FPRL1 and FPR3/FPRL2. Inhibits amyloid-beta protein 40 fibril formation. Also inhibits amyloid-beta protein 42 fibril formation. Suppresses apoptosis by binding to BAX and preventing the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria. Also suppresses apoptosis by binding to BID and inhibiting the interaction of BID with BAX and BAK which prevents oligomerization of BAX and BAK and suppresses release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Forms fibers with BAX and also with BID, inducing BAX and BID conformational changes and sequestering them into the fibers which prevents their activation. Can also suppress apoptosis by interacting with BIM isoform BimEL, inhibiting BimEL-induced activation of BAX, blocking oligomerization of BAX and BAK, and preventing release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Plays a role in up-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein BIRC6/APOLLON, leading to inhibition of neuronal cell death. Binds to IGFBP3 and specifically blocks IGFBP3-induced cell death. Competes with importin KPNB1 for binding to IGFBP3 which is likely to block IGFBP3 nuclear import. Induces chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes via FPR2/FPRL1. Reduces aggregation and fibrillary formation by suppressing the effect of APP on mononuclear phagocytes and acts by competitively inhibiting the access of FPR2 to APP. Protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells against oxidative stress-induced and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in RPE cells following oxidative stress and promotes STAT3 phosphorylation which leads to inhibition of CASP3 release. Also reduces CASP4 levels in RPE cells, suppresses ER stress-induced mitochondrial superoxide production and plays a role in up-regulation of mitochondrial glutathione. Reduces testicular hormone deprivation-induced apoptosis of germ cells at the nonandrogen-sensitive stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. Protects endothelial cells against free fatty acid-induced inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress, reducing expression of TXNIP and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18. Protects against high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by mediating activation of ERK5 which leads to increased expression of transcription factor KLF2 and prevents monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Inhibits the inflammatory response in astrocytes. Increases the expression of PPARGC1A/PGC1A in pancreatic beta cells which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Increases insulin sensitivity.

Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption. Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6. Carbonic Anhydrase 2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.7 kDa and the accession number is P27139.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 1, also known as sFRP1, is a 35 kDa prototypical member of the SFRP family. SFRP family consists of five secreted glycoproteins in humans acting as extracellular signaling ligands. Each is approximately 3 amino acids in length and contains a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) that shares 3-5% sequence homology with the CRD of Frizzled (Fz) receptors, a putative signal sequence, and a conserved hydrophilic carboxy-terminal domain. SFRPs act as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling, counteracting Wnt-induced effects at high concentrations and promoting them at lower concentrations. SFRPs are able to bind Wnt proteins and Fz receptors in the extracellular compartment. The interaction between SFRPs and Wnt proteins prevents the latter from binding the Fz receptors. The Wnt pathway plays a key role in embryonic development, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The deregulation of this critical developmental pathway occurs in several human tumor entities. Mouse sFRP1 is highly expressed in kidney and embryonic heart, as well as in the eye, where it is principally localized to the ciliary body and the lens epithelium.

Amelotin (AMTN) is a tooth enamel protein which is expressed in maturation-stage ameloblasts and also in the internal basal lamina of junctional epithelium, a unique epithelial structure attached to the tooth surface which protects against the constant microbiological challenge to the periodontium. TNF-α stimulates AMTN gene transcription in human gingival epithelial cells via C/EBP1, C/EBP2, and YY1 elements in the human AMTN gene promoter.AMTN mRNA levels increased at 6 h and reached maximum at 24 h in GE1 cells. Luciferase activities of the mouse AMTN gene promoter constructs were induced by TGFβ1. AMTN mRNA levels were induced at the initiation of apoptosis by TGFβ1, which mediated through the Smad3 bindings to SBEs in the mouse AMTN gene promoter. Amelotin (Amtn) is a recently identified enamel protein secreted by ameloblasts at late stage of enamel development. Runt‑related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in combination with the coactivator core‑binding factor β (Cbfβ) regulates the early stages of tooth development.

Epithelial Cellular Adhesion Molecule (Ep-CAM), also known as EGP314, mEGP314, Protein 289A, Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1, CD326, belongs to the EPCAM family. Its’ monomer subunit structure interacts with phosphorylated CLDN7. Ep-CAM may act as a physical homophilic interaction molecule between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) at the mucosal epithelium for providing immunological barrier as a first line of defense against mucosal infection. It plays a role in embryonic stem cells proliferation and differentiation. It also up-regulates the expression of FABP5, MYC and cyclins A and E. The post-translational modification glycosylation at Asn-198 is crucial for protein stability.

Tyrosine-protein kinase Mer (MERTK) is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the MER/AXL/TYRO3 receptor kinase family. MERTK include two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type domains, and one tyrosine kinase domain. It can’t be expressed in normal B- and T-lymphocytes, but it is usually expressed in numerous neoplastic B- and T-cell lines. MERTK could regulate many physiological processes, such as cell survival, migration, differentiation. It was demonstrated that the MERTK plays critical role in the engulfment and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Not only these, it also plays an important role in inhibition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated innate immune response by activating STAT1, which selectively induces production of suppressors of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3. In addition, MERTK could regulate rod outer segments fragments phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)， deficiency in MERTK are the cause of retinitis pigmentosa.

Anterior gradient protein 3 (AGR3) is an 18 kDa member of the AGR family of proteins. It is expressed in the ciliated cells of the airway epithelium, not detected in the mucous cells. Mature human AGR3 shares 92% amino acid sequence identity with mouse AGR3. It is required for calcium-mediated regulation of ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary clearance in the airway. AGR3 might be involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium in tracheal epithelial cells.

MUC16, also known as the CA125 antigen, is a mucin protein that may be found in type I transmembrane or secreted forms that are used monitor the progress of epithelial ovarian cancer therapy. MUC16 is over-expressed by tumor cells including ovarian and mesothelial cancers. The transmembrane form can adhere to mesothelin in the peritoneum, facilitating metastasis of ovarian cancer to the peritoneal cavity. MUC16 also binds galectin-1 on immune cells and enhances its expression on tumor cells. MUC16-expressing tumors adhere to NK cells, down-regulate CD16 and suppress NK response, which may promote immune evasion. MUC16 is also cyclically expressed in the endometrium and may contribute to immune privilege during pregnancy. In the eye, MUC16 and other mucins protect the cornea and keep it hydrated. It is altered on the conjunctival epithelium of patients with non-Sjogren dry eye syndrome.

Plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2), a cell surface transmembrane protein receptor for pigment epithelium derived factor, is expressed in many tissues including the eye. Plxdc2 is a type I transmembrane protein with some homology to nidogen and to plexins. It is expressed in a highly discrete and dynamic pattern in the developing nervous system, with prominent expression in various patterning centres. TEM7R/PLXDC2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.01 kDa and the accession number is Q9DC11.

Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs. F17 fimbrial Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.4 kDa and the accession number is P11312.

Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs.; FanC is the main component of the K99 fimbriae. K99 fimbrial Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.5 kDa and the accession number is P18103.

Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs.; FanC is the main component of the K99 fimbriae.

Cathepsin V (CTSV), also known as Cathepsin L2, CTSL2, and CATL2, is a member of the peptidase C1 family. It is predominantly expressed in the thymus and testis. Cathepsin V is also expressed in corneal epithelium, and to a lesser extent in conjuctival epithelium and skin. It is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase that may play an important role in corneal physiology. It has about 75% protein sequence identity to murine cathepsin L. The fold of this enzyme is similar to the fold adopted by other members of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteases. Cathepsin V has been recently described as highly homologous to Cathepsin L and exclusively expressed in human thymus and testis. Cathepsin V is the dominant cysteine protease in cortical human thymic epithelial cells, while Cathepsin L and Cathepsin S seem to be restricted to dendritic and macrophage-like cells. Active Cathepsin V in thymic lysosomal preparations was demonstrated by active-site labeling. Recombinant Cathepsin V was capable of converting Ii into CLIP efficiently, suggesting that it is the protease that controls the generation of alphabeta-CLIP complexes in the human thymus. Cathepsin V is the third elastolytic cysteine protease which exhibits the most potent elastase activity yet described among human proteases and that it is present in atherosclerotic plaque specimens. Cathepsin L2 may play a specialized role in the thymus and testis. Expression analysis of cathepsin L2 in human tumors revealed a widespread expression in colorectal and breast carcinomas but not in normal colon or mammary gland or in peritumoral tissues. Cathepsin L2 was also expressed by colorectal and breast cancer cell lines as well as by some tumors of diverse origin, including ovarian and renal carcinomas.

Lumican, a prototypic leucine-rich proteoglycan with keratan sulfate side chains, is a major component of the cornea, dermal, and muscle connective tissues. In these bifunctional molecules, the protein moiety binds collagen fibrils and the highly charged hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans regulate interfibrillar spacings. Lumican is the major keratan sulfate proteoglycan of the cornea but is also distributed in interstitial collagenous matrices throughout the body. Lumican regulates collagenous matrix assembly as a keratan sulfate proteoglycan in the cornea and is also present in the connective tissues of other organs and embryonic corneal stroma as a glycoprotein. Lumican may regulate collagen fibril organization and circumferential growth, corneal transparency, and epithelial cell migration, and tissue repair. lumican expressed in injured epithelium may modulate cell behavior such as adhesion or migration, thus contributing to corneal epithelial wound healing. Lumican plays a crucial role in the regulation of collagen assembly into fibrils in various connective tissues and serve as a definitive link between a necessity for lumican in the development of a highly organized collagenous matrix and corneal transparency.

The name Pancreasin because it is transcribed strongly in the pancreas. This secreted, tryptic serine protease, also known as Marapsin or PRSS27 (Protease, serine, 27), is a member of the peptidase S1 family. Pancreasin is inhibited by benzamidine and leupeptin but resists several classic inhibitors of trypsin. Marapsin was constitutively expressed in nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelia of human esophagus, tonsil, cervix, larynx, and cornea. In fact, marapsin was the second most strongly up-regulated protease in psoriatic lesions, where expression was localized to the upper region of the hyperplastic epidermis. Similarly, in the hyperproliferative epithelium of regenerating murine skin wounds, marapsin localized to the suprabasal layers, where keratinocytes undergo squamous differentiation. Marapsin's restricted expression, localization, and cytokine-inducible expression suggest a role in the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes in hyperproliferating squamous epithelia.

Tumor protein p63 is a protein also known as transformation-related protein 63, TP63, and p63. Tumor protein p63 / p63 is a member of the p53 family of transcription factors whose members P53, p63, and p73 have similar features in their gene structures and functions. An animal model, p63-/- mice has been useful in difining the role p63 plays in the development and maintenance of stratified epithelial tissues. This p63 encoding protein p63 has a dramatic impact on replenishment of cutaneous epithelial stem cells and on ovarian germ cell survival. Although these two fundamental roles of p63 attest to its powerful place in development, its other functions, specifically the apparent capacity of p63, is to supervise the emergence of new cell populations in the breast, prostate, cervix, and upper reproductive tract. P63-/- mice have several development defects which include the lack of limbs and other tissues, such as teeth and mammary glands, which develop as a result of interactions between mesenchyme and epithelium. Mutations in this protein are associated with ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip / palate syndrome 3, ADULT syndrome (acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth), limb-mammary syndrome, et al.

Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are involved in the maintenance of epithelial integrity and epithelial restitution. Trefoil factor-3 (TFF3) is an estrogen-regulated gene associated with prognosis in different types of cancer. The presence and localization of TFF3 peptide was associated with the embryonic stage and tissue differentiation. TFF3 peptide distribution specific to the germ layers was not observed. The role of TFF3 peptide in cell migration and differentiation, immune response, and apoptosis might be associated with specific embryonic epithelial cells. TFF3 peptide may also be considered as a marker for mucosal maturation. Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) serves an important role in intestinal mucosal damage and healing, and contributes to the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The involvement of TFF3 in the pathogenesis of rhonchopathy and OSA and lead to the hypothesis that reduction of TFF3 production by the epithelium and subepithelial mucous glands of the uvula contributes to an increase in breathing resistance due to a change in mucus organization.

MPZL2 encodes myelin protein zero-like 2, an adhesion molecule that mediates epithelial cell-cell interactions in several (developing) tissues.Deleterious variants of Mplz2/MPZL2 affect adhesion of the inner-ear epithelium and result in loss of structural integrity of the organ of Corti and progressive degeneration of hair cells, supporting cells, and spiral ganglion neurons. EVA-1/MPZL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.39 kDa and the accession number is O60487.

MPZL2 encodes myelin protein zero-like 2, an adhesion molecule that mediates epithelial cell-cell interactions in several (developing) tissues.Deleterious variants of Mplz2/MPZL2 affect adhesion of the inner-ear epithelium and result in loss of structural integrity of the organ of Corti and progressive degeneration of hair cells, supporting cells, and spiral ganglion neurons. EVA-1/MPZL2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.42 kDa and the accession number is O70255.

Cornulin is a member of the fused gene family of molecular chaperones. Human Cornulin contains N-terminus EF-hand domains and Ca2+ binding domains, and two glutamine- and threonine-rich 60 amino acid repeats in its C-terminus. Cornulin involves in the mucosal/epithelial immune response and epidermal differentiation. Cornulin is a survival factor that participates in the clonogenicity of squamous esophageal epithelium cell lines, attenuates deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptotic cell death and release of calcium. When Cornulin is overexpressed in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines, it regulates negatively cell proliferation by the induction of G1 arrest.

In the first trimester, the GM-CSF-R was found to be present on villous cytotrophoblast and all populations of extravillous trophoblast. Expression by villous syncytiotrophoblast was weak or absent, but this increased markedly by term. GM-CSF-R were also expressed by fetal Hofbauer cells within the mesenchyme of the chorionic villi and by uterine glandular epithelium and decidual macrophages within maternal decidua. GM-CSFR alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.7 kDa and the accession number is P15509-1.

In the first trimester, the GM-CSF-R was found to be present on villous cytotrophoblast and all populations of extravillous trophoblast. Expression by villous syncytiotrophoblast was weak or absent, but this increased markedly by term. GM-CSF-R were also expressed by fetal Hofbauer cells within the mesenchyme of the chorionic villi and by uterine glandular epithelium and decidual macrophages within maternal decidua. GM-CSFR alpha Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.47 kDa and the accession number is A0A2K5UC70.

Tooth-associated epithelia protein that probably plays a role in odontogenesis, the complex process that results in the initiation and generation of the tooth. May be incorporated in the enamel matrix at the end of mineralization process. Involved in the induction of RHOA activity via interaction with ARHGEF and expression of downstream factors such as ROCK. Plays a role in attachment of the junctional epithelium to the tooth surface. ODAM Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.2 kDa and the accession number is A1E959.

Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids. Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids with preference for phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols over phosphatidylethanolamines. Preferentially releases sn-2 omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chains over saturated fatty acyls. Contributes to phospholipid remodeling of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Hydrolyzes LDL phospholipids releasing unsaturated fatty acids that regulate macrophage differentiation toward foam cells. Efficiently hydrolyzes and inactivates PAF, a potent lipid mediator present in oxidized LDL. May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Secreted by lung epithelium, targets membrane phospholipids of infiltrating eosinophils, releasing arachidonate and boosting eicosanoid and cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis involved in airway inflammatory response. Secreted by gut epithelium, hydrolyzes dietary and biliary phosphatidylcholines in the gastrointestinal lumen, thereby regulating adipogenesis and body weight. Plays a stem cell regulator role in colon epithelium. Within intracellular compartment, mediates Paneth-like cell differentiation and its stem cell supporting functions by inhibiting Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal stem cell (ISC). Secreted in the intestinal lumen upon inflammation, acts in an autocrine way and promotes prostaglandin E2 synthesis that stimulates the Wnt signaling pathway in ISCs and tissue regeneration. May participate in hair follicle morphogenesis by regulating phosphatidylethanolamines metabolism at the outermost epithelial layer and facilitating melanin synthesis. By generating lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) at sperm acrosome controls sperm cell capacitation, acrosome reaction and overall fertility. May promote neurite outgrowth in neuron fibers involved in nociception. Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Cleaves sn-2 fatty acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylethanolamines, which are major components of membrane phospholipids in bacteria. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane. In pulmonary epithelium, may contribute to host defense response against adenoviral infection. Prevents adenovirus entry into host cells by hydrolyzing host cell plasma membrane, releasing C16:0 LPCs that inhibit virus-mediated membrane fusion and viral infection. Likely prevents adenoviral entry into the endosomes of host cells. May play a role in maturation and activation of innate immune cells including macrophages, group 2 innate lymphoid cells and mast cells.

Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Plays a role in normal ectoderm development. Required for normal tooth development. Required for normal postnatal development and maintenance of tongue papillae and sweat ducts. Required for normal proliferation of basal cells in tongue filiform papillae, plantar epithelium and sweat ducts. Required for normal expression of keratins in tongue papillae. Required for normal expression of KRT9 in foot plant epithelium. Required for normal hair follicle function.

This protein is found in nasal epithelium and it binds a wide variety of chemical odorants. OBP Protein, Pig, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25.2 kDa and the accession number is P81245.

We have previously shown that Annexin A8 (ANXA8) is strongly associated with the basal-like subgroup of breast cancers, including BRCA1-associated breast cancers, and poor prognosis; while in the mouse mammary gland AnxA8 mRNA is expressed in low-proliferative isolated pubertal mouse mammary ductal epithelium and after enforced involution, but not in isolated highly proliferative terminal end buds (TEB) or during pregnancy. ANXA8 as a potential mediator of quiescence in the normal mouse mammary ductal epithelium, while its expression in basal-like breast cancers may be linked to ANXA8's association with their specific cells of origin. Annexin A8 (ANXA8), a member of a superfamily of calcium and phospholipid binding proteins, is physiologically expressed in a tissue-specific manner, recent microarray studies reported that ANXA8 was also ectopically expressed in pancreatic cancers. We investigated the molecular mechanism of expression of ANXA8 in cancer cells and its functional role in pancreatic cancer cells. ANXA8 was diversely expressed in human cancer cell lines. Ectopic ANXA8 expression in cancer cells might involve an epigenetic mechanism. ANXA8 might play an important role in calcium fluctuation-mediated HIF-1α transcriptional activation and cell viability. The retinoic acid derivative fenretinide (FR) is capable of transdifferentiating cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells towards a neuronal-like phenotype, down-regulation of AnxA8 is both necessary and sufficient for neuronal transdifferentiation of RPE cells and reveal an essential role for AnxA8 as a key regulator of RPE phenotype.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) is a metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of various aldehydes. Certain types of epithelial tissues in mammals, especially those continually exposed to environmental stress (e.g., corneal epithelium), express ALDH3A1 at high levels and its abundance in such tissues is perceived to help to maintain cellular homeostasis under conditions of oxidative stress. Metabolic as well as non-metabolic roles for ALDH3A1 have been associated with its mediated resistance to cellular oxidative stress. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) and ALDH3A1 are corneal crystallins. They protect inner ocular tissues from ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage through catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms. Additionally, ALDH3A1 has been postulated to play a regulatory role in the corneal epithelium based on several studies that report an inverse association between ALDH3A1 expression and corneal cell proliferation. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) plays an important role in many cellular oxidative processes, including cancer chemoresistance, by metabolizing activated forms of oxazaphosphorine drugs such as cyclophosphamide (CP) and its analogues, such as mafosfamide (MF), ifosfamide (IFM), and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HPCP). Compounds that can selectively target ALDH3A1 could permit delineation of its roles in these processes and could restore chemosensitivity in cancer cells that express this isoenzyme. ALDH3A1 may act to protect corneal cells against cellular oxidative damage by metabolizing toxic lipid peroxidation products (e.g., 4-HNE), maintaining cellular GSH levels and redox balance, and operating as an antioxidant.

Podoplanin is a type-1 transmembrane protein that belongs to Podoplanin family. PDPN expressed in various specialized cell types throughout the body. It highly expressed in placenta, lung, skeletal muscle and brain, weakly expressed in brain, kidney and liver. In placenta, PDPN expressed on the apical plasma membrane of endothelium, in lung, expressed in alveolar epithelium. PDPN physiological function is related to its mucin-type character. PDPN may be involved in cell migration and/or actin cytoskeleton organization. When expressed in keratinocytes, induces changes in cell morphology with transfected cells showing an elongated shape, numerous membrane protrusions, and major reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, increased motility and decreased cell adhesion. It requires for normal lung cell proliferation and alveolus formation at birth and Induces platelet aggregation. Nevertheless, it doesn’t have any effect on amino acid transport and the aquaporin-type water channels.

HGF, is a pleiotropic protein in the Plasminogen subfamily of S1 peptidases and contains 4 kringle domains, 1 PAN domain and 1 peptidase S1 domain. HGF is secreted as an inactive 728 amino acid (aa) single chain propeptide. It is cleaved after the fourth Kringle domain by a serine protease to form bioactive disulfide-linked HGF with a 60 kDa alpha and 30 kDa beta chain. HGF binds heparan-sulfate proteoglycans and the widely expressed receptor tyrosine kinase, HGF R/c-MET. HGF regulates epithelial morphogenesis by inducing cell scattering and branching tubulogenesis. It can also alter epithelium morphology by the induction of nectin-1 alpha ectodomain shedding, an adhesion protein component of adherens junctions. HGF regulates cell growth, cell motility, and morphogenesis by activating a tyrosine kinase signaling cascade after binding to the proto oncogenic c-Met receptor. HGF is secreted by mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. Its ability to stimulate mitogenesis, cell motility, and matrix invasion gives it a central role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration.