pkl-12

Serine threonine-protein kinase 16, also known as myristoylated and palmitoylated serine threonine-protein kinase, Protein kinase PKL12, TGF-beta-stimulated factor 1, TSF-1, MPSK1 and STK16, is a membrane protein that is ubiquitously expressed at very low levels. STK16 MPSK1 belongs to the protein kinase superfamily and Ser Thr protein kinase family. It contains one protein kinase domain. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) shows a variety of biological activities in various organs or cells. Some factors such as Smads (Sma and Mad proteins) and TGF-beta activating kinase 1 have been characterized as signalling molecules downstream of TGF-beta. Several TGF-beta response elements have been identified such as cAMP response element, Smad binding element, and recognition sites for activating protein-1 and stimulating protein-1 in various gene promoters. STK16 MPSK1 is a unique factor with two biological functions, transcriptional regulation and protein phosphorylation, that may be involved in TGF-beta signals. STK16 MPSK1 is a protein kinase that acts on both serine and threonine residues. STK16 MPSK1 possessed DNA-binding ability and activated the TGF-beta responsive CNP promoter or vascular endothelial growth factor gene promoter which possesses a sequence element analogous to the TGF-beta responsive GC-rich element of the CNP promoter. STK16 MPSK1 did not directly activate a Smads-dependent promoter from plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene, but it showed enhancement in co-operation with Smad3 and Smad4. STK16 MPSK1 mRNA as well as its protein level were stimulated by TGF-beta treatment.