Parasite

Doxycycline is an orally active tetracycline antibiotic with broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), possessing both antibacterial and antitumor activities, and is commonly used in inducible gene expression ON-OFF systems.

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

SQ109 (NSC-722041) is an effective inhibitor of the trypomastigote form of the parasite (IC50 = 50 nM). SQ109 is an antitubercular agent and targets MmpL3.

Hypocrellin A is a natural PKC inhibitor with light-induced antitumor, antifungal and antiviral activities and also exerts immunomodulatory effects on MHC-restricted antigen presentation.

RRx-001 is a potent inhibitor ofglucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) and with potent antimalarial activity

Artesunate (WR-256283) is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may therefore be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Suramin Sodium Salt (BAY-205) is a sodium salt form of suramin, a polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis.

Dehydroemetine is an effective antigenic insecticide, which is a synthetic analogue of Emetine dihydrochloride. It can be used to prevent and treat amoeba infections and diseases. It has the effect of treating leishmania infection with skin damage and resistance to metronidazole amoebiosis.

A-484954 (A 484954) is a highly specific eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF2, IC50: 280 nM) inhibitor.

T-Cadinol (Cedrelanol) is a sesquiterpene compound isolated from C. sylvestris that exhibits anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity and potential anticancer activity, inhibits trypanosomes and flagellomorphs, induces dendritic cells and drives Th1 polarization in human monocytes.T-Cadinol is a calcium antagonist that relaxes the contraction of 60 mM K+ induced by T-Cadinol in a concentration-dependent manner. 60 mM K+-induced contraction.

(-)-Anonaine can be extracted from several species of Magnoliaceae and Annelidae and has antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidepressant and vasodilatory activities. (-)-Anonaine induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, induces DNA damage and inhibits the growth and migration of human lung cancer h1299 cells through Bax and caspase-dependent pathways.

DDD01035881 is a novel and highly potent anti-malarial drug that blocks parasite-to-mosquito transmission with nanomolar activity by targeting the Plasmodium vesicle membrane protein Pfs16 and blocking the formation of male gametes in the life cycle of the malaria parasite.

Kaempferol (Robigenin) is a natural flavonoid and an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ. Kaempferol has a wide range of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.

Lotilaner is a parasiticide. It is used as a potent non-competitive antagonist of insects GABACl receptors (IC50 of 23.84 nM for Drosophila melanogaster GABA receptor). It also has no effect on a dog GABAA receptor.

Metronidazole (Metronidazol) is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities.

Bruceine A (NSC-31616)(NSC-310616; Dihydrobrusatol) is a natural quassinoid compound extracted from the dried fruits of Brucea javanica (L.); are potential candidates for the treatment of canine babesiosis.

Epsiprantel is an orally active antiparasitic drug that inhibits various tapeworms, including Echinococcus granulosus (granular echinococcus), in dogs.

Santonin (alpha-Santonin) is a potent antiparasitic agent.

Halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth. Halofuginone Hydrobromide is the hydrobromide salt of halofuginone, a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities. These effects appear to be due to halofuginone-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters. Collagen type I and MMP-2 play important roles in fibroproliferative diseases.

Halofuginone (RU-19110), the competitive inhibitor of prolyl-tRNA synthetase(Ki=18.3 nM), could also down-regulate Smad3 and blocked TGF-β signaling at 10 ng/ml in the mammal.

1. Bruceine D from Brucea javanica, may have the potential to be used as a natural viricide, or a lead compound for new viricides. 2. Bruceine D inhibits the growth of three pancreatic cancer cell lines, i.e., PANC-1, SW199 and CAPAN-1; induces cytotoxicity in Capan-2 cells via the induction of cellular apoptosis involving the mitochondrial pathway.

Ivermectin (MK-933) is an activator of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) with antiparasitic activity.

Andropanolide is a dipterocarbon from Andrographis paniculata with anti-HIV, antimalarial and anticancer activities and inhibits Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Cipargamin (NITD609) is an effective antimalarial compound. It has an IC50 of appr 1 nM against P. falciparum.