Transdermal Peptide Disulfide TFA (TD 1 Disulfide(peptide) TFA), an 11-amino acid peptide, specifically binds to the Na+/K+-ATPase beta-subunit (ATP1B1), primarily interacting with its C-terminus, and enhances the transdermal delivery of various macromolecules[1].

Upon exposure to Transdermal Peptide Disulfide, cells increase ATP1B1 expression to preserve functionality and structure due to the compound's affinity for ATP1B1. Over time, however, internalization of Transdermal Peptide Disulfide through endocytosis leads to a decline in ATP1B1 levels. This dynamic not merely affects ATP1B1 expression but also its positioning and subsequently the architecture of the epidermal layer. The process is modifiable by inhibitors or competitors which, in turn, diminish the transdermal transport of macromolecular drugs[1].