Indomethacin sodium hydrate (Indometacin sodium hydrate) is an orally active, competitive and reversible COX1/2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity in induced migraines, induced gastrointestinal injuries, and may be used in studies of increased intracranial pressure secondary to severe traumatic brain injury and rheumatoid arthritis in adults.

Chebulagic acid, isolated from the Terminalia chebula Retz, is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor.

TFAP (N-(5-Aminopyridin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide) is a selective cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor

Emapalumab (NI-0501) is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody that humanizes human monoclonal antibodies against interferon gamma, blocking its binding to cell surface receptors and activating inflammatory signaling. Emapalumab has a high binding force (Kd=1.4 pM) to free IFN-γ and to IFN-γ bound to its receptor. Emapalumab can be used in the study of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

Triamcinolone (Aristocort) is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Upon cell entry, triamcinolone binds to and activates the glucocorticoid receptor, which leads to translocation of the ligand-receptor complex to the nucleus and induces expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes such as lipocortins. Lipocortins inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby blocking the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, both mediators of inflammation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin (IL)-1and IL-6, and the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is also inhibited. T-cells are prevented from making IL-2 and proliferating. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis through increasing Ikappa-B expression and curtailing activation of nuclear factor (NF)kappa-B.