Sucrose (D-(+)-Saccharose) is a nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons.

N-Acetyl-L-arginine (Ac-Arg-OH) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-acyl-l-alpha-amino acids. These are n-acylated alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine serum levels (and other guanidino compounds) were elevated of all the hyperargininemic patients are higher than the normal range. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Untreated hyperargininemic patients have the highest guanidino compound levels in cerebrospinal fluid. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine is one of the guanidino compounds found elevated in the serum of an hemodialyzed renal insufficient (uremic) pediatric population. Outside of the human body, N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine has been detected, but not quantified in, apples and loquats. This could make N-a-acetyl-L-arginine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as uremia and colorectal cancer; N-a-acetyl-L-arginine has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder hyperargininemia. During a low-arginine diet, together with sodium benzoate therapy, there was a marked decrease in plasma N-alpha-acetylarginine. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine increases in urine hyperargininemic patients.

6-Phosphogluconic acid is a potent and competitive phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) inhibitor (Kis: 48 μM for glucose 6-phosphate and 42 μM for fructose 6-phosphate).

L-Dehydro Ascorbic Acid is the reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid;Dehydroascorbic acid ((L)-Dehydroascorbic acid), a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke.

(2S,3R,4S,5R)-2-Amino-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrochloride (D-Mannosamine hydrochloride) is a pharmaceutical compound used in the development of mannosylated liposomes for bioadhesive oral drug delivery via M cells of Peyer's patches.