Reactive Oxygen Species

MitoSOX Red is a novel fluorescent probe that is specific and cell membrane-permeable and targets mitochondria in living cells.MitoSOX Red is oxidized by superoxide upon entry into the mitochondria and is not oxidized by other ROS or RNS-generating systems.MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in the mitochondrion and produces a strong red fluorescence.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) prevents the oxidation of MitoSOX Red.

Imeglimin hydrochloride (EMD 387008 hydrochloride） is an oral hypoglycemic agent. Imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species, increases mitochondrial DNA, and improves mitochondrial function.

Elesclomol (STA-4783) is an oxidative stress inducer and a highly lipophilic copper ion carrier. Elesclomol induces apoptosis in tumor cells and is used in copper death related studies. Elesclomol also inhibits FDX1-mediated Fe-S cluster biosynthesis.

Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an N-acetyl derivative of cysteine, a ROS inhibitor and mucolytic agent. Acetylcysteine induces apoptosis, can be used to reduce mucus thickness, and has anti-influenza viral activity.

Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is an orally active, competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) that markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2 and exhibits anti-cancer activity.

N-Acetylcysteine amide is a thiol antioxidant and a neuroprotective agent with cell permeability and blood-brain barrier permeability. N-Acetylcysteine amide reduces ROS production.

Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.

Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is an inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC).

H2DCFDA (DCFH-DA) belongs to the class of green fluorescent dyes and is a probe for the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ex/Em=488/525 nm) with cell membrane permeability.

Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic, scavenges superoxide and alkyl radicals, preventing mitochondrial oxidation, necrosis, and apoptosis.

Mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ10 mesylate) is a TPP-based, mitochondrially targeted antioxidant to protect against oxidative damage.

Trabectedin (Ecteinascidin 743) has potent antitumor activity and the potential for soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer research. Trabectedin inhibits cell growth of MX-1, MCF7 and MCF7 DXR cells with IC50 values of 0.1 nM, 1.5 nM and 3.7 nM, respectively.

Trolox is a vitamin E analogue, used in reducing oxidative stress or damage.

CPS-11 (N-(Hydroxymethyl)thalidomide) is a Thalidomide analogue with significant antitumor activity, exhibiting a broader and more potent effect on the MM (multiple myeloma) cell line.

Canthaxanthin (E 161g) is a red-orange carotenoid that belongs to the xanthophyll group. This naturally occurring pigment is present in bacteria, algae and some fungi.

GSK5182 is a highly selective inverse estrogen-related receptor γ agonist (IC50 : 79 nM)

Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside) exhibits a protective effect on rat hepatocytes, inhibits COX-2 activity, has antimicrobial properties, and is a promising anti-HIV agent. Additionally, it demonstrates scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and superoxide anions, alleviates osteoarthritis, and increases brain cell membrane fluidity in ischemia-reperfusion rats.

1. Albiflorin (Alibiflorin) has anticonvulsant effect for pain relief. 2. Albiflorin and paeoniflorin has neuroprotective action against Glu toxicity. 3. Albiflorin and paeoniflorin significantly ameliorated Glu-induced reduction of cell viability, nuclear and mitochondrial apoptotic alteration, reactive oxygen species accumulation and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) Bax ratio. 4. Albiflorin can serve as a new chemical marker for the quality control of Paeoniae Radix and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia can be updated, via has similar anti-inflammatory effects to paeoniflorin.

Astaxanthin (trans-Astaxanthin) is a keto-carotenoid in the terpenes class of chemical compounds. It is classified as a xanthophyll but it is a carotenoid with no vitamin A activity. It is present in most red-colored aquatic organisms. Astaxanthin has shown to mediate anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. It may be found in fish feed or some animal food as a color additive.

N-Acetyl-D-cysteine exhibits antioxidant activities and scavenges ROS through its thiol group reaction.

Aureusidin (Auresidin) shows antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with anti-inflammatory effects.

Liquiritin (Liquiritigenin-4'-O-glucoside) (LIQ) is a main component among the licorice flavonoids, and possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer abilities.

3-demethylcolchicine is a natural product isolated from Gloriosa superba.Inhibitory effect on the polymerization of purified bovine brain tubulin.

Nobiletin (Hexamethoxyflavone) is a natural polymethoxylated flavone isolated from citrus peels with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. Nobiletin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa).

Fusarochromanone (FC-101) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium marcescens with potent antiangiogenic, anticancer and antimalarial activities. Fusarochromanone induces cell death in COS7 and HEK293 cells through activation of the JNK pathway.

Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is a chalcone constituent of Angelica keiskei, has potent anti-inflammatory activity, possible can ameliorate neuronal injury in brain diseases associated with inflammation.

AKBA (3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid), a natural component from frankincense, is a novel activator of Nrf2.

Cichoric Acid (Dicaffeoyltartaric acid) is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase and the replication in tissues. It also a class of cannabinomimetics with CB2 receptor-dependent and independent.

Methoxy-PMS (1-Methoxyphenazine methosulfate) is stable electron-transport mediator between NAD(P)H and tetrazolium dyes, can induce active oxygen formation.

Procyanidin B2 (Proanthocyanidin B2) has vascular protective, anti-diabetic nephropathy, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Procyanidin B2 inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation via suppression of AP-1 pathway.

Isochlorogenic acid A (3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid), a natural phenolic acid, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

L-Glutathione reduced (Glutathione) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in cells as an endogenous antioxidant that scavenges oxygen free radicals. L-Glutathione reduced is a cofactor for certain enzymes and is involved in the rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds and the reduction of peroxides.

Amentoflavone (3',8''-Biapigenin), as a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, can interact with many other medications. CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 are proteins used for drug metabolism in the body. Amentoflavone also is an inhibitor of human cathepsin B. It has antimalarial activity in trials significant affinities towards the Delta-1, kappa opioid receptors (as an antagonist) and binds to benzodiazepine receptors. Amentoflavone may be a potential lead for a new type of anti-inflammatory agents having the dual inhibitory activity of group II phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase. Amentoflavone and quercetin differentially exerted suppression of PGE2 biosynthesis via downregulation of COX-2/iNOS expression.

alpha-Mangostin (Mangostin) is a natural xanthonoid, a type of organic compound isolated from various parts of the mangosteen tree.

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is an orally bioavailable estradiol metabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits angiogenesis by reducing endothelial cell proliferation and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. This agent also inhibits tumor cell growth by binding to tubulin, resulting in antimitotic activity, and by inducing caspase activation, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis.

TPEN (TPEDA) is a specific cell-permeable heavy metal chelator.

Hesperidin (Cirantin) is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and antihypertensive and lipid-lowering activity.

Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)(DPI) is an irreversible inhibitor of iNOS and eNOS (IC50 values of 50 nM and 0.3 μM, respectively),and displays broad-spectrum bactericidal activity.

α-Thujone is an inhibitor of ACh with an IC50 value of 24.7μM.

Echinacoside is a natural polyphenolic compound with various kinds of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nitric oxide radical-scavenging and vasodilative ones.

PRLX-93936 HCL is an analog of erastin and demonstrated synergistic effects against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with cisplatin.

Piperlongumine (Piplartine) is a natural alkaloid from Piper longum L. It selectively kills cancer cells and strengthens the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

CT-2584 is an anticancer agent that inhibits phospholipid signaling and kills tumor cells through the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. CT-2584 reduces NKEF-B expression in several tumor cell types. CT-2584 reduced tumor growth in SCID mice by causing shunting of ab initio phospholipid biosynthesis from phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylinositol (PI) via PA.

GSK2795039 inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH consumption. GSK2795039 decreases apoptosis. GSK2795039 is an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) (pIC50: 6 in different cell-free assays).

Silibinin (Silybin) is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin and others. Silibinin itself is a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells.

Naringenin (NSC-11855) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA.

Glabridin (KB-289522) may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in diabetes-related vascular dysfunction, through regulating the synthesis and activity of iNOS under high-glucose levels; may possess a therapeutic effect on metabolic disorders( such as diabetes and hyperglycemia), by modulating glucose metabolism through AMPK in skeletal muscle cells. Glabridin may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against liver Y metastasis, by inhibiting the invasion of human HCC cells.

Cynarin (1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid) has neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects, it can inhibition of GSK3β as well as the modulation of Bcl-2 Bax.