Virus Protease

Rupintrivirvr (AG7088) is a selective rhinovirus (HRV) 3C cysteine protease mimetic peptide inhibitor with antiviral and immunomodulatory activities.Rupintrivirvr inhibits the replication of EV71 and EV-D68, and may be useful for the study of viral infections.

Cephaeline was highly active against protected primary CLL cells (relative IC50's 35nM ) and acted by repressing HIF-1α± and disturbing intracellular redox homeostasis.

Ebselen (CCG-39161) is a organoselenium compound with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytoprotective activity. Ebselen acts as a glutathione peroxidase mimetic and is thereby able to prevent cellular damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, this agent inhibits the activity of a variety of enzymes including nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 5-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, protein kinase C (PKC), NADPH oxidase and gastric H+ K+-ATPase. Furthermore, ebselen may be neuroprotective due to its ability to neutralize free radicals upon NMDA receptor activation thus, reducing lipoperoxidation mediated by glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.

Vorinostat (SAHA) is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (IC50=10 nM) with inhibitory activity against HDAC1 2 3 6 7 11. Vorinostat has antitumor activity, induces cell differentiation, blocks the cell cycle and induces apoptosis.

Dynasore (Dynamin Inhibitor I), a cell-permeable chemical, can reversibly and non-competitivity inhibit GTPase activity of dynamin 1 2 (IC50: 15 μM in a cell-free assay). It also inhibits the mitochondrial dynamin Drp1, with no effect against other small GTPase.

Plerixafor (AMD-3329), a chemokine receptor antagonist, blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1alpha) to the cellular receptor CXCR4.

Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (8-Gingerol) , a major polyphenol found in black tea, is an inducer of oxidative stress which has anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive actions, it reduces tumor angiogenesis by downregulating HIF-1αand VEGF.

Brequinar (NSC-368390) is a potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, with potent activities against a broad spectrum of viruses.

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) is a COX inhibitor that inhibits COX1 and COX2 (IC50=5 210 μg mL) with selective, irreversible, and oral activity. Aspirin is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor that up-regulates the cell cycle blocking protein, p21. Aspirin has a variety of activities. Aspirin has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic, and antiplatelet aggregation activities.

alpha-Mangostin (Mangostin) is a natural xanthonoid, a type of organic compound isolated from various parts of the mangosteen tree.

Cephaeline hydrochloride, a phenolic alkaloid found in Indian Ipecac, effectively inhibits the infection of viruses ZIKV and EBOV.

LY2334737 is an orally available prodrug of gemcitabine with antineoplastic activity.

Tubacin is a highly potent and selective, reversible, cell-permeable HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM, approximately 350-fold selectivity over HDAC1.

DB772 is a broad-spectrum antiviral activity that inhibits Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), prion activity, Border Disease Virus (BDV), HoBi Virus, Forked Horn Virus and Bungowannah Virus.

1. Genkwanin (Apigenin 7-methyl ether) exerts its anti-inflammatory effect mainly through the regulation of the miR-11 MKP-1 MAPK pathway. 2. Genkwanin is transported by both passive diffusion and multidrug resistance protein (MDR)-mediated efflux mechanisms.

Plerixafor octahydrochloride (JM3100 octahydrochloride) blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1alpha) to the cellular receptor CXCR4, resulting in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) release from bone marrow and HSC movement into the peripheral circulation. Plerixafor is a bicyclam with hematopoietic stem cell-mobilizing activity.

Glycyrrhizic acid (Glycyrrhizin) is a triterpenoid saponinl with anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities.

1. Oroxylin A (Baicalein 6-methyl ether) has various anti-tumor effects including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, drug-resistant reversion. 2. Oroxylin A possesses abilities of inhibiting the ATRA-induced IL-6 production via modulation of LAP LIP CHOP in leukemia cell lines, which could providing a therapeutic strategy for RAS. 3. Oroxylin A inhibits UCP2s triggers the MPTP opening, and promotes the apoptosis in CaCo-2 cells; uncoupling protein 2 plays a key role in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. 4. Oroxylin A inhibits N1ICD translocating to the nucleus and binding to epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related transcription factor Snail, thus suppressing the invasion and migration of MCF-7 cells. 5. Oroxylin A improves the sensitivity of K562 ADM cells by increasing apoptosis in leukemic cells and decreasing the expression of CXCR4 and PI3K Akt NF-κB pathway, and probably served as a most promising agent for CML treatment.

AZ960 is an effective ATP competitive JAK2 inhibitor (IC50 Ki: <3 nM and0.45 nM).

LHF-535 is an antiviral compound. It has EC50s of <1 μM, <1 μM, <1 μM, and 1-10 μM for Lassa, Machupo, Junin, and VSVg virus, respectively.

4-Phenylbutyric acid (Benzenebutyric acid) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor. 4-Phenylbutyric acid can be used to treat urea cycle disorders.

Tin-protoporphyrin IX dichloride (SnPPIX dichloride) is an HO-1) inhibitor with antiviral activity that inhibits dengue and yellow fever viruses.

NGI-1 (ML414) is a cell-permeable inhibitor of oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) that can effectively reduce virus infectivity without affecting cell viability.

Lanatoside C (Ceglunate) is a cardiac glycoside, a type of drug that can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). Lanatoside C can be used orally or by the intravenous route.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

A2ti-1 is a highly selective inhibitor of annexin A2 S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t) (IC50: 24 μM) that inhibits ARV-mediated activation of Src and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). A2ti-1 can be used to study human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection.

MOSLOFLAVONE showed promising anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β with IC50 values of 0.71 μM and 7.8 μM, respectively.

(+)-JNJ-A07 is a pan-serotypic dengue virus inhibitor that targets NS3-NS4B interaction with high potency. (+)-JNJ-A07 has antiviral activity and can be used to study dengue virus infections.

Denv-in-5 is an effective and selective dengue virus (DENV) inhibitor with EC50 values of 1.47, 9.23, 7.08, 8.91 μM for denV-I-IV and 0.1512 μM for HIV-1IIIB.

Norwogonin (5,7,8-Trihydroxyflavone), isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, possesses antiviral activity against Enterovirus 71 (IC50: 31.83 μg ml).

Lycorine (Narcissine) inhibits protein synthesis and may inhibit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, although studies on the latter are controversial and inconclusive.

EIDD-1931 (Beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine) is a ribonucleoside analog with antiviral activity that inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] in Vero 76 cells, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV] in Calu-3 2B4 cells, and SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells (IC50s = 0.1, 0.15, and 0.3 μM, respectively).

A2ti-2 is a low affinity and selective inhibitor of the membrane-bound protein A2 S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t) (IC50 : 230 μM).A2ti-2 exhibits antiviral activity by selectively disrupting protein interactions between A2 and S100A10, and protects against human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection.

Phenytoin sodium (Diphantoine) is an inactive stabilizer for voltage-gated sodium channel .

Retro-2 cycl is a dihydroquinazolinone (DHQZ) retrograde trafficking inhibitor. Retro-2 cycl (RN 1-001) inhibits JCPyV and HPV16 pseudovirus(IC50s of 54 μM and 160 μM, respectively),with antiviral agent.

Fluticasone propionate (CCI-187881), derived from fluticasone used to remedy asthma and allergic rhinitis, is a high affinity, selective GR (glucocorticoid receptor) agonist.

116-9e (MAL2-11B) is a potent Hsp70 co-chaperone DNAJA1 inhibitor with antiviral properties, inhibiting simian virus 40 (SV40) replication, tumour antigen (TAg) endogenous ATPase activity, and TAg-mediated activation of Hsp70. 116-9e can be used to study cancer drug resistance.

Vapendavir diphosphate (BTA798 diphosphate) is a rhinoceros enterovirus inhibitor that targets the hydrophobic pocket in the viral capsid and is a capsid-binding agent with antiviral activity that prevents viral entry into the cell. Vapendavir diphosphate inhibits EV71 replication.

ESI-09 is a new-typel noncyclic nucleotide EPAC antagonist.The IC50 values of ESI-09 for EPAC1 and EPAC2 is 3.2 and 1.4 μM, respectively.

Retro-2 (2-{[(5-methyl-2-thienyl)methylene]amino}) is a plant toxin ricin inhibitor, itprotects HeLa cells against Ricin, Stx1 and Stx2, selectively blocks retrograde toxin trafficking at the early endosome-TGN (trans-Golgi network) interface.

Schisandrin A, a primary active component extracted from the traditional Eastern medicine Schisandra chinensis, inhibits CYP3A activity, with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and a Ki of 5.83 μM.

Carmofur (HCFU) is a highly potent acid ceramidase inhibitor, used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer. Carmofur has been known to induce leukoencephalopathy.

PD 169316 is a potent, cell-permeable, and selective inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase.

QL47 is a host-targeted small molecule antiviral agent with antiviral activity against dengue and other RNA viruses.QL47 acts as an inhibitor of viral translation and a covalent inhibitor of BTK, and can be used in the study of lymphomas.

Pleconaril (VP 63843) is a capsid inhibitor used previously to treat enterovirus infections. Pleconaril is effective in inhibiting replication (IC50: 50 nM).

Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a hydantoin derivative and a non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. It potentially acts by promoting sodium efflux from neurons in the motor cortex, reducing post-tetanic potentiation at synapses. This prevents cortical seizure foci from spreading to adjacent areas and stabilizes the threshold against hyperexcitability. Additionally, it appears to reduce muscle spindle sensitivity to stretch, causing muscle relaxation.

Angelicin (Isopsoralen), is a furanocoumarin with anti-Y, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity.

SRPIN340 (SRPK inhibitor), a serine arginine-rich protein kinase (SRPK)-specific inhibitor, is potent for SRPK1 (IC50 = 0.89 uM).