Parasite

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Doxycycline (Doxiciclina) belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics and is a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor with oral activity. Doxycycline has antibacterial activity and antitumor activity.

Lotilaner is a parasiticide. It is used as a potent non-competitive antagonist of insects GABACl receptors (IC50 of 23.84 nM for Drosophila melanogaster GABA receptor). It also has no effect on a dog GABAA receptor.

Hypocrellin A is a natural PKC inhibitor with light-induced antitumor, antifungal and antiviral activities and also exerts immunomodulatory effects on MHC-restricted antigen presentation.

SQ109 (NSC-722041) is an effective inhibitor of the trypomastigote form of the parasite (IC50 = 50 nM). SQ109 is an antitubercular agent and targets MmpL3.

Suramin Sodium Salt (BAY-205) is a sodium salt form of suramin, a polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis.

Kaempferol (Robigenin) is a natural flavonoid and an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ. Kaempferol has a wide range of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.

RRx-001 is a potent inhibitor ofglucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) and with potent antimalarial activity

Metronidazole (Metronidazol) is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities.

DDD85646 is an inhibitor of T. brucei N-myristoyltransferase with a Ki of 1.44 nM, an IC50 of 2 nM and an EC50 of 2 nM. The IC50 of hNMT is 4 nM.

N-Desethyl amodiaquine dihydrochloride is an antiparasitic agent and the major biologically active amodiaquine metabolite. Its IC50 values against strains V1 S and 3D7 were 97 nM and 25 nM, respectively.

Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) is a Bcl-2 antagonist (Ki: 0.22 μM) and can induce apoptosis with up-regulation of Bim, induced cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase-3.

Licoflavone B has schistosomicidal activity, it showed high S. mansoni ATPase (IC50 of 23.78 μM) and ADPase (IC50 of 31.50 μM) inhibitory activities.

Artesunate (WR-256283) is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may therefore be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

RR-11a analog (aza-peptide Michael acceptor, 7a) is an inhibitor of asparaginyl endopeptidase with IC50s of 4.5 nM, 4.5 nM and 31 nM for AE1 in Trichomonas Vaginalis, AE in Ixodes ricinus and AE in Schistosoma mansoni, respectively.

Halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth. Halofuginone Hydrobromide is the hydrobromide salt of halofuginone, a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities. These effects appear to be due to halofuginone-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters. Collagen type I and MMP-2 play important roles in fibroproliferative diseases.

Daphnetin (7,8-Dihydroxycoumarin), a natural coumarin derivative, is a protein kinase inhibitor with inhibitory for EGFR (IC50: 7.67 μM), PKA (IC50: 9.33 μM), and PKC (IC50: 25.01 μM), also exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Lupenone is a natural product isolated from Rhizoma Musae and has good anti-diabetic activity,and has anti-inflammatory activity.lupenone were potent PTP1B inhibitors with IC50 values of 15.11±1.23μM.

Sarolaner (PF-6450567) is an orally active, broad-spectrum ectoparasiticide with an LC80 of 0.3 μg mL against C. felis and an LC100 of 0.003 μg mL against O. turicata.

Modoflaner is an antiparasitic (veterinary use).

Scoulerine is an inhibitor of ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1). Scoulerine a potent antimitotic compound that inhibits proliferation, arrests cell cycle, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

Chlorin E6 (CE6) is a second-generation photosensitizer with antitumor activity when used in combination with irradiation. In a mouse model of implanted fibrosarcoma, Chlorin E6 (2.5-10 mg kg, i.v., 50-200 J cm2 irradiation) resulted in complete tumor disappearance after varying degrees of irradiation. Agents including Chlorin E6 were tested in a Phase I clinical study in patients with early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of bronchial origin with favorable results (40 mg m2, IV, 100 J cm2 laser irradiation). In a Phase II clinical trial in patients with early stage lung cancer, the same mode of administration resulted in a complete response in 82.9% of patients. Chlorin E6 has been investigated as a nanotechnology drug delivery tool.

Febrifugine dihydrochloride (Propyldazine hydrochloride) is a biochemical with therapeutic activity regarding malaria, cancer, fibrosis and inflammatory diseases.

Kukoamine A possesses anticancer, cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it also has neuroprotective effects through inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis after whole-brain irradiation (WBI) in rats.

ZY-19489 is an antimalarial compound that is a potential single-dose cure for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. It has received orphan drug designation from the FDA.

CRK12-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of CRK12.CRK12-IN-2 inhibits the parasite, with EC50 values of 3.2 and 0.08 nM for Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax, respectively.CRK12-IN-2 can be used for the prevention and treatment of trypanosomiasis in animals.

LeuRS-IN-1 hydrochloride is an orally active and highly potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis leucyl-tRNA synthetase with anti-leukemic activity and anti-malarial activity, inhibits M.tb LeuRS, inhibits HepG2 protein synthesis, and can be used in the study of leukemia.

Afoxolaner is an isoxazoline insecticide acaricide against Ixodes scapularis in dogs. Afoxolaner acts on the insect GABA and glutamate receptors, inhibiting GABA & glutamate-regulated uptake of chloride ions, resulting in excess neuronal stimulation and death of the arthropod.

Fluralaner (A1443) is an isoxazoline ectoparasiticide. It potently and selectively inhibits binding of the GABA receptor channel blocker EBOB to housefly head membranes (IC50: 455 pM).

Strictosamide possesses antibacterial and antiviral activities, it also may have important effects on inflammation and inflammatory pain.

Avermectin B1a is a macrocyclic lactone disaccharide anthelmintic agent .

(-)-Anonaine can be extracted from several species of Magnoliaceae and Annelidae and has antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidepressant and vasodilatory activities. (-)-Anonaine induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, induces DNA damage and inhibits the growth and migration of human lung cancer h1299 cells through Bax and caspase-dependent pathways.

α-Thujone is an inhibitor of ACh with an IC50 value of 24.7μM.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Quinidine is a stereoisomer of the antimalarial agent quinine and a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent. for the treatment of abnormal heart rhythms and also malaria.

13,21-Dihydroeurycomanone (Pasakbumin C) is a natural product isolated from the root of Eurycoma longifolia with antiparasitic activity such as Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii.

Amodiaquine is a synthetic aminoquinoline, used to treat malaria.

UCT943 is an inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum PI4K (IC50 = 23 nM).

UCB7362 (GLXC-26743) is an orally available and potent plasmepsin X (PMX) inhibitor with anti-malarial activity.UCB7362 inhibits parasite reproduction.

Asiatic acid (Dammarolic acid) is the aglycone of asiaticoside used in wound healing with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Acidum iopanoicum) inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. It is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Halofuginone (RU-19110), the competitive inhibitor of prolyl-tRNA synthetase(Ki=18.3 nM), could also down-regulate Smad3 and blocked TGF-β signaling at 10 ng ml in the mammal.

1. Bruceine D from Brucea javanica, may have the potential to be used as a natural viricide, or a lead compound for new viricides. 2. Bruceine D inhibits the growth of three pancreatic cancer cell lines, i.e., PANC-1, SW199 and CAPAN-1; induces cytotoxicity in Capan-2 cells via the induction of cellular apoptosis involving the mitochondrial pathway.

Bruceine A (NSC-31616)(NSC-310616; Dihydrobrusatol) is a natural quassinoid compound extracted from the dried fruits of Brucea javanica (L.); are potential candidates for the treatment of canine babesiosis.

1. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) exerts anti-metastatic potential via suppression of MMPs and Bcl-2 signaling in NSC-LC cells. 2. Dehydrocorydaline stimulates p38 MAPK activation, which can enhance heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, thus resulting in MyoD activation and myoblast differentiation. 3. Dehydrocorydaline shows antiplatelet effects, it inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a low dose ( IC50= 34.914 ug mL). 4. Dehydrocorydaline has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. 5. Dehydrocorydaline inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated by regulating Bax Bcl-2, activating caspases as well as cleaving PARP.

Dihydroartemisinin (Artenimol) is a metabolite of artemisinin.

Fosravuconazole L-lysine ethanolate (BMS-379224 L-lysine ethanolate) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent approved in Japan for treating onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection. It is a prodrug converted into ravuconazole.

Epimagnolin A is a lignan obtained from the flower buds of Magnolia fargesii, which is traditionally used in Asian medicine for treating headache and nasal congestion.