Isomerases,EC 5

Key enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Catalyzes the cyclization of (S)-2,3 oxidosqualene to lanosterol, a reaction that forms the sterol nucleus. Through the production of lanosterol may regulate lens protein aggregation and increase transparency.

Serine racemase SRR Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli.

A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded (ds) DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to maintain chromosomes in an underwound state. This makes better substrates for topoisomerase IV (ParC and ParE) which is the main enzyme that unlinks newly replicated chromosomes in E.coli. Gyrase catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of dsDNA rings, including catenanes. Relaxes negatively supercoiled DNA in an ATP-independent manner. E.coli gyrase has higher supercoiling activity than many other bacterial gyrases; at comparable concentrations E.coli gyrase introduces more supercoils faster than M.tuberculosis gyrase, while M.tuberculosis gyrase has higher decatenation than supercoiling activity compared to E.coli. E.coli makes 15% more negative supercoils in pBR322 plasmid DNA than S.typhimurium; the S.typhimurium GyrB subunit is toxic in E.coli, while the E.coli copy can be expressed in S.typhimurium even though the 2 subunits have 777 804 residues identical. The enzymatic differences between E.coli gyrase and topoisomerase IV are largely due to the GyrA C-terminal domain (approximately residues 524-841) and specifically the GyrA-box.; Negative supercoiling favors strand separation, and DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, all of which involve strand separation. Type II topoisomerases break and join 2 DNA strands simultaneously in an ATP-dependent manner.

GyrB Protein, Salmonella typhi, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 51.8 kDa and the accession number is P0A2I4.

Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1(ACOX1 or AOX) is the first enzyme of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway and belongs to the Acyl-CoA oxidase family. Human liver peroxisomes contain two acyl-CoA oxidases, namely, palmitoyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX1 AOX) and a branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase. The palmitoyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX1 AOX) oxidizes the CoA esters of straight chain fatty acids and prostaglandins and donates electrons directly to molecular oxygen, thereby producing H2O2. Human ACOX1 AOX is a protein of 661-amino acids, including the carboxyl-terminal sequence(Ser-Lys-Leu) known as a minimal peroxisome-targeting signal. Human ACOX1 AOX, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway, has two isoforms including ACOX1a and ACOX1b, transcribed from a single gene. The human ACOX1b isoform is more effective than the ACOX1a isoform in reversing the Acox1 null phenotype in the mouse partly because of the Substrate utilization differences.

APOA1BP, now renamed NAXE, encodes an epimerase essential in the cellular metabolite repair for NADHX and NADPHX. The enzyme catalyzes the epimerization of NAD(P)HX, thereby avoiding the accumulation of toxic metabolites.Pathogenic biallelic mutations in NAXE in children from four families with (sub-) acute-onset ataxia, cerebellar edema, spinal myelopathy, and skin lesions.

Prostaglandin D2 Synthase Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.3 kDa and the accession number is A6JT70.

FKBP12 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 12.7 kDa and the accession number is P26883.

PIN1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.3 kDa and the accession number is Q13526-1.

CRELD1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.7 kDa and the accession number is Q91XD7.

In the cytoplasm, catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, the second step in glycolysis, and the reverse reaction during gluconeogenesis. Besides it's role as a glycolytic enzyme, also acts as a secreted cytokine: acts as an angiogenic factor (AMF) that stimulates endothelial cell motility. Acts as a neurotrophic factor, neuroleukin, for spinal and sensory neurons. It is secreted by lectin-stimulated T-cells and induces immunoglobulin secretion. GPI Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 66.6 kDa and the accession number is P06744.

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family and PPIase A subfamily. Cyclophilins(CyPs) are a family of proteins found in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans. These molecules exhibit peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, suggesting that they influence the conformation of proteins in cells. Cyclophilin A accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Cyclophilin A can interact with several HIV proteins, including p55 gag, Vpr, and capsid protein, and has been shown to be necessary for the formation of infectious HIV virions.

ERCC3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 115.6 kDa and the accession number is P19447.

Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase (HPGDS) belongs to the GST superfamily and Sigma family. HPGDS contains one GST C-terminal domain and one GST N-terminal domain. HPGDS is highly expressed in adipose tissue, macrophages, and placenta, and it exists in the form of homodimer in living body. HPGDS is a cytosolic enzyme that isomerizes PGH(2). HPGDS is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2 and also shows low glutathione-peroxidase activity towards cumenehydroperoxide.

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase (BPGM) is a member of the Phosphoglycerate Mutase family and BPG-Dependent PGAM subfamily. BPGM is a multifunctional enzyme. BPGM catalyzes 2,3-DPG synthesis via its synthetase activity, and 2,3-DPG degradation via its phosphatase activity. It also has phosphoglycerate phosphomutase activity. BPGM plays a major role in regulating hemoglobin oxygen affinity by controlling the levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). Deficiency of BPGM increases the affinity of cells for oxygen and result in hemolytic anemia.

Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then rotates around the intact phosphodiester bond on the opposing strand, thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone. Regulates the alternative splicing of tissue factor (F3) pre-mRNA in endothelial cells. Involved in the circadian transcription of the core circadian clock component ARNTL BMAL1 by altering the chromatin structure around the ROR response elements (ROREs) on the ARNTL BMAL1 promoter.

Catalyzes the ketonization of 2-hydroxymuconate stereoselectively to yield 2-oxo-3-hexenedioate. 4-OT Protein, Pseudomonas putida, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10.9 kDa and the accession number is Q93JW0.

Triose-phosphate isomerase, also named Triose-phosphate isomerase, TPI and TIM, is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of the triose phosphate isomers dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. TPI has been found in nearly every organism searched for the enzyme, including animals such as mammals and insects as well as in fungi, plants, and bacteria. However, some bacteria that do not perform glycolysis, like ureaplasmas, lack TPI. TPI plays an important role in glycolysis and is essential for efficient energy production. TPI deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder and the most severe clinical disorder of glycolysis. Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency is associated with neonatal jaundice, chronic hemolytic anemia, progressive neuromuscular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and increased susceptibility to infection and characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia.

Protein Disulfide-Isomerase A6 (PDIA6) is a 48.5kDa protein that belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family (PDI). PDIA6 is an enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes which catalyzes the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within proteins as they fold. The PDIA6 expressed in platelets, its functions as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins. PDIA6 is part a large chaperone multiprotein complex comprising DNAJB11, HSP90B1, HSPA5, HYOU, PDIA2, PDIA4, PDIA6, PPIB, SDF2L1, UGT1A1. PDIA6 also plays a role in platelet aggregation and activation by agonists such as convulxin, collagen and thrombin.

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E, also known as Cyclophilin E, Cyclophilin-33, Rotamase E, CYP33, PPIE, is an enzyme which belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family of PPIase E subfamily. PPIE found in all the examined tissues including heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas. PPIE contains one PPIase cyclophilin-type domain and one RRM (RNA recognition motif) domain. PPIE accelerates the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIE combines RNA-binding and PPIase activities. It may be involved in muscle- and brain-specific processes and pre-mRNA splici

P4HB Protein, Cricetulus griseus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Yeast.

Involved in protein export. Acts as a chaperone by maintaining the newly synthesized protein in an open conformation. Functions as a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase.

Together with its co-chaperonin GroES, plays an essential role in assisting protein folding. The GroEL-GroES system forms a nano-cage that allows encapsulation of the non-native substrate proteins and provides a physical environment optimized to promote and accelerate protein folding. Chaperonin GroEL Protein, Chlamydia trachomatis, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 74.0 kDa and the accession number is P0C0Z7.

CRELD1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 63 kDa and the accession number is Q91XD7.

FKBP7 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.4 kDa and the accession number is Q9Y680-2.

FKBP7 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.8 kDa and the accession number is Q9Y680-2.

FKBP14 belongs to the FK506-binding protein family. It contains 2 EF-hand domains and one PPIase FKBP-type domain. FKBP14 can be detected in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where it is thought to accelerate the folding of proteins during protein synthesis. Truncation of the amino-terminus of FKBP14 significantly decreases peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, therefore implicating that the PPIase FKBP-type domain must be located at the N-terminus. Defects in FKBP14 can cause Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with progressive kyphoscoliosis, myopathy, and hearing loss. A syndrome with features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome types VIA and VIB on the one hand, and the collagen VI-related congenital myopathies Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy and Bethlem myopathy on the other hand.

ERP72 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 71.6 kDa and the accession number is P13667.

TOP1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 92.39 kDa and the accession number is NP_033434.2.

Rep helicase is a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase involved in DNA replication; it can initiate unwinding at a nick in the DNA. It binds to the single-stranded DNA and acts in a progressive fashion along the DNA in the 3' to 5' direction.

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. FkpA probably acts in the folding of extracytoplasmic proteins. FkpA Protein, Aeromonas hydrophila, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.7 kDa and the accession number is O08437.

PDIA3 protein is also known as Protein disulfide-isomerase A3. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDIA3 gene.PDIA3 is an enzyme that belongs to the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. PDIA3 interacts with thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter in the kidney and is induced by glucose deprivation. PDIA3 is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide-loading complex (TAP1), which is important for formation of the final antigen conformation and export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface.

BLM Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.0 kDa and the accession number is P54132.

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP2(FKBP2 for short), also named 13 kDa FK506-binding protein, FK506-binding protein 2, Immunophilin FKBP13, Rotamase, is a endoplasmic reticulum peripheral membrane protein. It contains 1 PPIase FKBP-type domain and belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family, FKBP2 subfamily which takes part in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBP2 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP2 functions as an ER chaperone and as a component of membrane cytoskeletal scaffolds.

PTGES3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli.

Cysteine-Rich with EGF-Like Domain Protein 2 (CRELD2) is a secreted protein that is a member of the CRELD family. Human CRELD2 is synthesized as a 353 amino acid precursor protein with a signal peptide, a highly conserved domain rich in glutamic acid and tryptophan (WE) and EGF-like repeats. CRELD2 is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues. CRELD2 may interact with CHRNA4 and regulate transport of α4-β2 neuronal acetylcholine receptor. In addition, CRELD2 could be a novel mediator in regulating the onset and progression of various ER stress-associated diseases.

Straight-chain enoyl-CoA thioesters from C4 up to at least C16 are processed, although with decreasing catalytic rate. Has high substrate specificity for crotonyl-CoA and moderate specificity for acryloyl-CoA, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and methacrylyl-CoA. It is noteworthy that binds tiglyl-CoA, but hydrates only a small amount of this substrate. ECHS1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (C225S, HA & His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis, C-HA tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.0 kDa and the accession number is Q8BH95.

Galactose Mutarotase (GALM) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that belongs to the Aldose Epimerase family. GALM is a Mutarotase that converts α-Aldose to the β-Anomer. GALM is active on D-Glucose, L-Arabinose, D-Xylose, D-Galactose, Maltose and Lactose. GALM may be required for normal Galactose metabolism by maintaining the equilibrium of α- and β- anomers of Galactose.

Provides the (R)-glutamate required for cell wall biosynthesis. Glutamate racemase Protein, Helicobacter pylori, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.9 kDa and the accession number is B5Z6S2.

CRELD2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 62.8 kDa and the accession number is Q9CYA0.

TOP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 93.1 kDa and the accession number is P11387.

Myelin P2 protein, also known as PMP2, is a cytosolic protein found primarily in peripheral nerves. It Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. PMP2 is a small, basic, and cytoplasmic lipid binding protein of peripheral myelin. It is similar in amino acid sequence and tertiary structure to fatty acid binding proteins found in the liver, adipocytes, and intestine, its expression is limited to the nervous system. PMP2 is detected only in myelin-producing cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, respectively. PMP2 may play a role in lipid transport protein in Schwann cells. It forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.

PIN1 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 18.2 kDa and the accession number is Q13526-1.

UDP galactose-4'-epimerase, also known as GALE, enables the body to process a simple sugar called galactose, which is present in small amounts in many foods. Galactose is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas. UDP galactose-4'-epimerase catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose, and the epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. Defects in GALE causes epimerase-deficiency galactosemia (EDG), also known as galactosemia type 3. Clinical features include early-onset cataracts, liver damage, deafness and mental retardation.

FUOM, also known as fucose mutarotase and FucM, belongs to the RbsD FucU family. FUOM is involved in the interconversion between alpha- and beta-L-fucoses. L-Fucose has two isforms: alpha-L-fucose (29.5%) and beta-L-fucose (7.5%). The beta-form is metabolized through the salvage pathway. GDP-L-fucose formed either by the de novo or salvage pathways is transported into the endoplasmic reticulum, where it serves as a substrate for N- and O-glycosylations by fucosyltransferases. Fucosylated structures expressed on cell surfaces or secreted in biological fluids are believed to play a critical role in cell-cell adhesion and recognition processes. FUOM mainly exists as homodimer, but also functions as homotetramer, homooctamer, and homodecamer. FUOM's homodimeric form seems catalytically inactive.

HPGDS PGD2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.2 kDa and the accession number is O60760.

Acts as an intracellular estrogen-binding protein. May be involved in modulating cellular levels and biological functions of estrogens in the pancreas. May act as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins.

In the cytoplasm, catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, the second step in glycolysis, and the reverse reaction during gluconeogenesis. Besides it's role as a glycolytic enzyme, also acts as a secreted cytokine: acts as an angiogenic factor (AMF) that stimulates endothelial cell motility. Acts as a neurotrophic factor, neuroleukin, for spinal and sensory neurons. It is secreted by lectin-stimulated T-cells and induces immunoglobulin secretion.