Ligases or Synthetases,EC 6

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate. Can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. Provides acetyl-CoA that is utilized mainly for oxidation under ketogenic conditions. Involved in thermogenesis under ketogenic conditions, using acetate as a vital fuel when carbohydrate availability is insufficient. ACSS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9NUB1.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Protein, Candida albicans, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 67.3 kDa and the accession number is A0A1D8PRR7.

SMAD Family Member 1 (SMAD1) is a member of the dwarfin/SMAD family. SMAD1 has the highest expression in the heart and skeletal muscle, containing one MAD homology 1 domain and one MAD homology 2 domain, As a transcriptional modulator SMAD 1 is activated by bone morphogenetic proteins type 1 receptor kinase. Defects in SMAD1 may cause primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH1), characterized by plexiform lesions of proliferating endothelial cells in pulmonary arterioles. The lesions lead to elevated pulmonary arterial pression, right ventricular failure and death.

WARS, also known as TrpRS, is an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. There are two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. They catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. WARS catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by interferon.

UBA6 (Ubiquitin Like Modifier Activating Enzyme 6) is a Protein Coding gene. The UBA6 gene, located on 4q13.2, is conserved in chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, and frog. Uba6 is a homolog of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme, Uba1, and activates two ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs), ubiquitin and FAT10. UBA6 is an alternative enzyme for ubiquitin activation in vertebrates that plays a pivotal role in early mouse development. UBA6 is widely expressed in the lymph node, appendix, and other tissues. Diseases associated with UBA6 include Ichthyosis, Congenital, Autosomal Recessive 4A, and Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome. Among its related pathways are the Metabolism of proteins and the Innate Immune System.

Cell wall formation. Ddl Protein, S. aureus, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.7 kDa and the accession number is P63891.

Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase involved in the purines biosynthetic pathway. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) and glutamine to yield formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) and glutamate. PFAS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.4 kDa and the accession number is O15067.

Involved in the urea cycle of ureotelic animals where the enzyme plays an important role in removing excess ammonia from the cell. CPS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.5 kDa and the accession number is P31327.

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate. Can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. Provides acetyl-CoA that is utilized mainly for oxidation under ketogenic conditions. Involved in thermogenesis under ketogenic conditions, using acetate as a vital fuel when carbohydrate availability is insufficient. ACSS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75.1 kDa and the accession number is Q9NUB1.

Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase. Involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis which is required to maintain a functional nuclear envelope. Required for acylation and vacuolar membrane association of VAC8 which is necessary to maintain a normal morphology of the vacuole. ACC1 Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (aa 217-775, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 67.6 kDa and the accession number is Q00955.

Glutathione Synthetase belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family. Glutathione Synthetase is the second enzyme in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway. It catalyses the condensation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine to form glutathione. Glutathione play an important role in a variety of biological functions, including detoxification of xenobiotics, protection of cells from oxidative damage by free radicals, and membrane transport. The protein functions as a homodimer to catalyze the second step of glutathione biosynthesis, which is the ATP-dependent conversion of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine to glutathione. Defects in Glutathione Synthetase can also cause the glutathione synthetase deficiency of erythrocytes, which is a mild form causing hemolytic anemia.

GARS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 85.5 kDa and the accession number is P41250-1.

GLUL Protein, Cricetulus griseus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Catalyzes the first step in the D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), the activation of D-alanine and its transfer onto the D-alanyl carrier protein (Dcp) DltC. In an ATP-dependent two-step reaction, forms a high energy D-alanyl-AMP intermediate, followed by transfer of the D-alanyl residue as a thiol ester to the phosphopantheinyl prosthetic group of the Dcp. D-alanylation of LTA plays an important role in modulating the properties of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria, influencing the net charge of the cell wall.

Catalyzes the de novo synthesis of acetyl-CoA in vitro. Promotes acetylation of CTTN, possibly by providing the acetyl donor, ensuring correct dendritic spine morphology and synaptic transmission. Binds to follistatin-related protein FSTL1 and may act as a cell surface receptor for FSTL1, contributing to AKT activation and subsequent FSTL1-induced survival and function of endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes.

Involved in the urea cycle of ureotelic animals where the enzyme plays an important role in removing excess ammonia from the cell.

Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr). YARS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 86.0 kDa and the accession number is P54577.

One of the enzymes of the urea cycle, the metabolic pathway transforming neurotoxic amonia produced by protein catabolism into inocuous urea in the liver of ureotelic animals. Catalyzes the formation of arginosuccinate from aspartate, citrulline and ATP and together with ASL it is responsible for the biosynthesis of arginine in most body tissues. ASS1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 51.6 kDa and the accession number is P16460.

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate but can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. ACSS2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 82.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9QXG4.

Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase. Involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis which is required to maintain a functional nuclear envelope. Required for acylation and vacuolar membrane association of VAC8 which is necessary to maintain a normal morphology of the vacuole. ACC1 Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (aa 2-581, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 69.9 kDa and the accession number is Q00955.

ACSL4 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Converts p-coumaric acid into p-coumaryl CoA. This is necessary for the activation of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) chromophore. 4CL Protein, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.0 kDa and the accession number is O69140.

UBE1, also known as UBA1, belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBE1 gene complements an X-linked mouse temperature-sensitive defect in DNA synthesis, and thus may function in DNA repair. It is part of a gene cluster on chromosome Xp11.23. UBE1 catalyzes the first step in ubiquitin conjugation to mark cellular proteins for degradation. It also catalyzes the first step in ubiquitin conjugation to mark cellular proteins for degradation by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a ubiquitin-E1 thioester and free AMP. Defects in UBA1 can cause spinal muscular atrophy X-linked type 2 (SMAX2), also known as X-linked lethal infantile spinal muscular atrophy, distal X-linked arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or X-linked arthrogryposis type 1 (AMCX1). Spinal muscular atrophy refers to a group of neuromuscular disorders characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, leading to symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. SMAX2 is a lethal infantile form presenting with hypotonia, areflexia, and multiple congenital contractures.

HARS/HisRS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 59.6 kDa and the accession number is P12081-1.

DNA ligase Protein, Desulfotalea psychrophila, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Catalyzes the attachment of pyrrolysine to tRNA(Pyl). Pyrrolysine is a lysine derivative encoded by the termination codon UAG. pylS Protein, Methanosarcina barkeri, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 51.8 kDa and the accession number is Q46E77.

GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit. SUCLG2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 56.3 kDa and the accession number is Q96I99.

Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA. IARS1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.8 kDa and the accession number is Q8BU30.

GTP-dependent RNA ligase that is involved in tRNA splicing and RNA repair. Joins RNA with 2',3'-cyclic-phosphate or 3'-phosphate ends to RNA with 5'-hydroxy ends. Also acts as a DNA ligase in case of DNA damage by splicing 'dirty' DNA breaks, characterized by 3'-phosphate (or cyclic-phosphate) and 5'-hydroxy ends that cannot be sealed by classical DNA ligases.

Lysine-tRNA ligase, also known as Lysyl-tRNA synthetase, LysRS, KARS and KIAA0070, belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (1-65) is a functional tRNA-binding domain, which is required for nuclear localization, is involved in the interaction with DARS, but has a repulsive role in the binding to EEF1A1. A central domain (208-259) is involved in homodimerization and is required for interaction with HIV-1 GAG and incorporation into virions. KARS catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a two step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA. Defects in KARS are the cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease recessive intermediate type B (CMTRIB).

Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase (AACS) is a novel cytosolic ketone body (acetoacetate)-specific ligase. The AACS in adipose tissue plays an important role in utilizing ketone body for the fatty acid-synthesis during adipose tissue development. It had been improved that Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase is an essential enzyme for the synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol from ketone bodies, was found to be highly expressed in mouse adipose tissue, and GC box and C/EBPs motif were crucial for AACS promoter activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, AACS promoter activity was controlled mainly by C/EBPalpha during adipogenesis. AACS gene expression is particularly abundant in white adipose tissue, as it is induced during adipocyte differentiation. The human AACS promoter is a PPARgamma target gene and that this nuclear receptor is recruited to the AACS promoter by direct interaction with Sp1 (stimulating protein-1). The Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase has important roles in the regulation of ketone body utilization in rat liver and that these hypocholesterolemic agents have the ability to remedy the impaired utilization of ketone bodies under the diabetic condition.

Aspartate tRNA ligase 1, also known as DARS, is part of a multienzyme complex of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. It belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. DARS charges its cognate tRNA with aspartate during protein biosynthesis. DARS catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid(AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.

alanyl-tRNA synthetase Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 109.2 kDa and the accession number is P49588.

Catalyzes the de novo synthesis of acetyl-CoA in vitro. Promotes acetylation of CTTN, possibly by providing the acetyl donor, ensuring correct dendritic spine morphology and synaptic transmission. Binds to follistatin-related protein FSTL1 and may act as a cell surface receptor for FSTL1, contributing to AKT activation and subsequent FSTL1-induced survival and function of endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes.

Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.

DNA ligase that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages between 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl groups in double-stranded DNA using NAD as a coenzyme and as the energy source for the reaction. It is essential for DNA replication and repair of damaged DNA. DNA ligase Protein, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.1 kDa and the accession number is Q47YI0.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Protein, Candida glabrata, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 67.2 kDa and the accession number is A0A0W0CTK3.

Argininosuccinate Synthase (ASS1) is an urea cycle enzyme with a tetrameric structure composed of identical subunits. ASS1 is involved in the synthesis of arginine and catalyzes that condensation of citrulline and aspartate to argininosuccinate using ATP. ASS1 is important to the urea cycle as it catalyzes the important second last step in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. ASS1 mainly expressed in periportal hepatocytes, but also in most other body tissues. A deficiency of ASS1 causes citrullinemia (CTLN1), an autosomal recessive disease which is characterized by severe vomiting spells and mental retardation.

Glutamine Synthetase reglutes intracellular concentration of glutamate. Glutamine Synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Glutamine is an important source of energy and that takes part in cell prolifetation, inhibition of apoptosis, and cell signaling. Glutamine Synthetase is expressed during early fetal stages, and has a role in maintaining body PH by removing ammonia from circulation. Mutations in the GLUL gene are related to congenital glutamine deficiency.

alanyl-tRNA synthetase Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 108.3 kDa and the accession number is Q8BGQ7.

MAPK14 contains 1 protein kinase domain and belongs to the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation, and development. MAPK14 can be detected in the brain, heart, placenta, pancreas, and skeletal muscle and it is expressed to a lesser extent in the lung, liver, and kidney. MAPK14 is activated by various environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. The activation requires its phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs), or its autophosphorylation triggered by the interaction of MAP3K7IP1/TAB1 protein with MAPK14. The substrates of p38 alpha include transcription regulator ATF2, MEF2C, and MAX, cell cycle regulator CDC25B, and tumor suppressor p53, which suggest the roles of p38 alpha in stress-related transcription and cell cycle regulation, as well as in genotoxic stress response. In response to activation by environmental stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lipopolysaccharide, MAPK14 phosphorylates some transcription factors, such as ELK1 and ATF2, and several downstream kinases, such as MAPKAPK2 and MAPKAPK5. MAPK14 plays a critical role in the production of some cytokines, for example, IL-6. It may play a role in the stabilization of EPO mRNA during hypoxic stress. Isoform Mxi2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2.

The enzyme BirA is a key reagent because of its ability to biotinylate proteins at a specific residue in a recognition sequence. This enzyme is used to biotinylate the C termini of membrane proteins, allowing these proteins to be tetramerized by binding to streptavidin. Because of the specificity of the biotinylation at the C terminus, the orientation of the membrane proteins on the streptavidin is equivalent to that of the native protein on the cell surface. These tetrameric proteins can be used to study protein receptor-ligand interactions at the cell surface, and site-specific biotinylation can be used to study proteins in vitro using a defined orientation. The biotinylation of histones by BirA ligase is consistent with the proposed role of human HCS in chromatin. The N-terminal BirA domain is required for both transcriptional regulation of biotin synthesis and biotin protein ligase activity.

N/A. Gamma-GCS Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 74.3 kDa and the accession number is P0A6W9.

Involved in the urea cycle of ureotelic animals where the enzyme plays an important role in removing excess ammonia from the cell. CPS1 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.7 kDa and the accession number is P07756.

Catalyzes both the ATP-dependent activation of exogenously supplied lipoate to lipoyl-AMP and the transfer of the activated lipoyl onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes.