2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Bafilomycin A1 belongs to the macrolide class of antibiotics and is a V-ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.44 nM) that is specific and reversible. Bafilomycin A1 is an inhibitor of the late phase of autophagy, blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Bafilomycin A1 also induces apoptosis.

Nigericin sodium salt is an antibiotic, an NLRP3 activator, and a cationic ion carrier. Nigericin sodium triggers the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which inhibits Golgi function and suppresses the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5, are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from damage by bile salts and lipid antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharides are highly immunogenic antigens that can enhance immune responses and can be used to construct inflammatory models.

G-418 disulfate (Geneticin sulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that selectively inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis by blocking peptide chain elongation.

Rapamycin (AY 22989) is a natural product of macrolides, an mTOR inhibitor with specificity (HEK293 cells: IC50=0.1 nM). Rapamycin has immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy.

PCO371 (2,4-Imidazolidinedione, 1-(3,5-dimethyl-4-(2-((4-oxo-2-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,3,8-triazaspiro(4.5)dec-1-en-8-yl)sulfonyl)ethyl)phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-) is an orally active full agonist of parathyroid hormone receptor 1. It has no effect on PTH type 2 receptor.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics and is an inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I II (IC50=0.8 2.67 μM). Doxorubicin hydrochloride exhibits cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target protein acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Puromycin dihydrochloride (CL13900 dihydrochloride) is a cinnamamide adenosine antibiotic and an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Puromycin dihydrochloride inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA and has antitumor and antitrypanosomal activity.

Ceruletide is a decapeptide that is a safe and effective cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin receptor agonist with direct spasmodic effects on the gallbladder muscle and bile duct.[1]

6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-Leucine (L-6-Diazo-5-oxonorleucine) is a glutaminase antagonist (Ki: 6 μM) and an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified Streptomyces species from Peruvian soil.

Tunicamycin is a mixture of antibiotics that inhibit N-linked glycosylation by blocking GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin has antitumor activity, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity.

Trichostatin A (TSA), a natural derivative of diene isohydroxamic acids, is a specific and reversible histone deacetylase inhibitor (IC50=1.8 nM) that induces hyperacetylation of core histones to regulate chromatin structure.

1,1,1,1-Kestohexaose (1,1,1,1-Kestohexose) is a natural product isolated from Poa ampla.

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

Staurosporine (AM-2282) is a protein kinase inhibitor with ATP-competitive and non-selective inhibitory activity (IC50=6 15 2 3 3000 nM) against PKC, PKA, c-Fgr, phosphorylase kinase and TAOK2. Staurosporine also induces apoptosis.

Shikonin (Anchusa acid) is a natural product, a TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor (IC50=6.5 μM) and selective PKM2 inhibitor. Shikonin exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities.

In the CNS, Kainic acid is an effective agonist at excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes.

Fucoxanthin (all-trans-Fucoxanthin) is a carotenoid naturally found in certain algae, serving as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, which imparts a brown or olive-green color. It exhibits anti-obesity, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.

6PPD-Q (6PPD-Quinone), a contaminant present in the environment and soil, is a derivative of the tire antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), which impairs the quality of spermatozoa in mice and induces impaired male fertility.

Blasticidin S HCl is a peptide-based nucleoside antibiotic (antibiotic) isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes that inhibits prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis by interfering with the formation of peptide bonds in the ribosome.

Antroquinonol is a ubiquinone derivative from Antrodia camphorata with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.Antroquinonol reduces oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation and sclerosis in mice with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis through enhancement of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Antroquinonol has potential for use in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Antroquinonol has potential for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and may be used in colon cancer research.

Hymenidin, an alkaloid isolated from the Okinawan sponge Hymeniacidon sp. is a 5-hydroxytryptaminergic receptor antagonist and voltage-gated potassium channel inhibitor with potential antiprotozoal effects.It selectively binds to FOXO1 DNA and reduces depolarization-induced elevation of cellular calcium.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid prevalent in the brain and retina.

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) provides cellular energy, participates in overall energy balance, and maintains intracellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule through interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a variety of processes including neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodeling.

Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.

Calf thymus DNA (DNA from calf thymus, Thymonucleic acid) is a high-quality double-stranded template DNA extracted from the bovine thymus gland, widely used in studying DNA binding anticancer agents and DNA binding agents that regulate DNA structure and function.

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts its antimicrobial activity by altering the permeability of cell membranes and selectively inhibiting ribonucleic acid synthesis. Vancomycin can be used for the treatment of serious infections for which all antibiotics have failed.

Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyte) is an unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

Ampicillin (Aminobenzylpenicillin) is a semi-synthetic penicillin belonging to the β-lactam group of antibiotics. Ampicillin has bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Cyclosporin A is a naturally occurring cyclic polypeptide that is the active metabolite of a fungus. Cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressant that binds to procyclins and inhibits calcineurin (IC50=7 nM).

FLAG peptide, an eight-amino-acid sequence (Asp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys), includes an enterokinase-cleavage site and is utilized for the purification of recombinant proteins.

Notoginsenoside FP2 is a natural product isolated from the fruit pedicels of Panax notoginseng and can be used in studies about the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an agonist for S1P1-5 receptors and a ligand for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. As an intracellular second messenger, it mobilizes Ca2+ and acts as an extracellular ligand for G-protein coupled receptors. This important lipid mediator is generated from sphingosine or other membrane phospholipids.

Salvianolic acid B is a water-soluble antioxidant from Salvia extract. Salvianolic acid B plays significant role of antioxidant effect; antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic effect.

12-Ketodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid and kidney metabolite, serves as a detectable marker for kidney injury [1].

urolithin M6 (3,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy urolithin) (UM6) is an ellagitannin metabolite produced by gut microbiota, was identified as a putative galloflavin mimetic

Decoyinine (Decynylene), a selective inhibitor of GMP synthase, is a novel potential microbial insecticide, a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.Decoyinine induces resistance in rice to the small brown ladybug Laodelphax striatellus.

Gastrin I, human (Gastrin I (human)) is an endogenous peptide produced in the stomach that increases pepsinogen and acid secretion via the CCK2 receptor in the rat.

(3E)-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)but-3-en-2-one ((E)-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)but-3-en-2-one) is a marine derived natural products found in Tedania (Tedania) ignis.

Taurodeoxycholic acid (Taurodeoxychloic acid) is a bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid, a human metabolite that stabilizes mitochondrial membranes and reduces the formation of free radicals.Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking calcium-mediated apoptotic pathways and by activation of caspase-12. Taurodeoxycholic acid has neuroprotective activity and has been used to study 3-nitropropionic acid-induced or stabilized hereditary Huntington's chorea (HD).

Luteolin 7-diglucuronide, the major flavonoid isolated from Verbena officinalis and Aloysia triphylla.

Digitonin is a natural product of the glycoside family and is a detergent. Digitonin has antitumor activity, binds to cholesterol molecules to increase the permeability of cell membranes, and is active in the cleavage of cell membranes in a wide range of cells.

Oligomycin is an antifungal antibiotic that is an inhibitor of H+-ATP synthetase. The Oligomycin blocks oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. Oligomycin inhibited HIF-1alpha expression in hypoxic tumor cells.

Tacrolimus (Fujimycin) can bind FKBP12 to form a high-affinity complex (Ki: 0.2 nM) which inhibits the activity of the calcium calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase.

Oxytocin (Syntocinon) is a mammalian neuropituitary hormone, a pleiotropic hypothalamic peptide and ligand for the oxytocin receptor, which contributes to labor, lactation, and pro-social behavior. Oxytocin has the ability to stimulate mammary secretion of breast milk, promote contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor, and facilitate mothering.

7-keto-deoxycholic acid is converted from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with specific condition and from cholic acid in vitro.

20-O-Acetylingenol-3-angelate (Euphorbia factor Pe1) is a natural compound found in the leaves and stems of the plant Inga. It has a variety of biological activities including tumor growth inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antioxidant effects.