His-D-beta-Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 TFA, a growth hormone releasing peptide and metabolite of GHRP-1 (Ala-His-D-beta-Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2), stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion and elevates intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in rat pituitary gland monolayer cells, without altering cAMP levels [1].

Mucic Acid (Tetrahydroxyadipic acid) is an aldaric acid obtained by nitric acid oxidation of galactose or galactose-containing compounds.

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE), a phospholipid member of the glycerophosphonoethanolamine family, is a major component in biological membranes. Studies focused on interactions between DPPE and cholesterol show that cholesterol induces condensation of DPPE monolayers in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Membranes containing a higher concentration of this compound contain more ordered lipid tails which result in a thicker membrane.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid (Ac-L-Glu-OH) (NAcGlu) is an acetylated amino acid. NAcGlu is biosynthesized from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme N-acetyl glutamate synthase (NAGS). NAcGlu activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in the urea cycle. A deficiency in N-acetyl glutamate synthase or a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme will lead to urea cycle failure in which ammonia is not converted to urea, but rather accumulated in the blood leading to the condition called Type I hyperammonemia.