Thiamine pyrophosphate (Cocarboxylase) is a vitamin B-1 derivative that acts as a coenzyme of transketolase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is used in studies to assess decarboxylation mechanisms in biological systems.

Cytosine (6-Aminopyrimidin-2(1H)-one) is a pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. The deamination of cytosine alone is apparent and the nucleotide of cytosine is the prime mutagenic nucleotide in leukaemia and cancer.

5-(Hydroxymethyl)uracil is a product of oxidative DNA damage and is capable of enhancing or inhibiting potential epigenetic markers for transcription by bacterial RNA polymerases.

5,6-Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil) is an intermediate breakdown product of uracil.

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is present in asparagus, wheat bread, crispbread, Swiss cheeses, black or green tea, soya, malt, raw shrimp and squid. 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is used as flavor additive and odorant in foods.

Thiamine monophosphate chloride dihydrate (Aneurine monophosphate chloride) is a compound used in the screening of ligands that promote protein stability

5-Methylcytosine is a methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. It is an epigenetic modification formed by the action of DNA methyltransferases.

Orotic acid monohydrate is an intermediate product in pyrimidine metabolism.

Pyrimidine (Metadiazine)s are heterocyclic, six-membered, nitrogen-containing carbon ring structures, with uracil, cytosine and thymine being the basal structures of ribose-containing nucleosides (uridine, cytidine, and thymidine respectively), or deoxyribose-containing deoxynucleosides, and their corresponding ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Pyrimidines serve essential functions in human metabolism as ribonucleotide bases in RNA (uracil and cytosine), and as deoxyribonucleotide bases in DNA (cytosine and thymine), and are linked by phosphodiester bridges to purine nucleotides in double-stranded DNA, in both the nucleus and the mitochondria. Pyrimidine activated sugars are also involved in polysaccharide and phospholipid synthesis, glucuronidation in detoxification processes, glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the recently identified novel endothelium-derived vasoactive dinucleotides.