Influenza Virus

6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-Leucine (L-6-Diazo-5-oxonorleucine) is a glutaminase antagonist (Ki: 6 μM) and an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified Streptomyces species from Peruvian soil.

Tunicamycin is a mixture of antibiotics that inhibit N-linked glycosylation by blocking GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin has antitumor activity, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity.

Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agent, a murine STING agonist, and an inducer of cytokines such as type I IFN. Vadimezan has antitumor activity and induces a rapid cessation of blood flow in tumors without affecting blood flow in normal tissues.

Emricasan (IDN-6556) is a pan-caspase inhibitor with irreversible properties. Emricasan has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity and can be used in the treatment of infections and liver failure, etc. Emricasan also inhibits Zika virus infections.

Hypericin (Cyclosan) is a natural anthraquinone compound, an extract of Hypericum perforatum, which inhibits PKC, MAO, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, reverse transcriptase, telomerase, and CYP, etc. Hypericin exhibits antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, and antidepressant activities.

Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an N-acetyl derivative of cysteine, a ROS inhibitor and mucolytic agent. Acetylcysteine induces apoptosis, can be used to reduce mucus thickness, and has anti-influenza viral activity.

Aprotinin (Traskolan) is a broad-spectrum serine protease (BPTI) inhibitor that inhibits the activity of a number of different esterases and proteases. Aprotinin is an antifibrinolytic agent used to minimize hemorrhage during complex surgical procedures.

Trifluoromethyl-tubercidin (TFMT) inhibits host MTr1 and suppresses virus replication. TFMT inhibits MTr1 through interaction at its S-adenosyl-l-methionine binding pocket to restrict influenza virus replication. TFMT was effective in inhibiting viral replication in mice, displayed little toxicity.

KIN1148 is a novel small-molecule adjuvant that acts through the RIG-I pathway and IRF-3 transcription factor to stimulate inN Ate immunity and protection following viral infection. The adjuvant will be developed for an FDA-approved avian inluenza virus v

Baloxavir (S-033447) is a first-in-class cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor of the influenza virus polymerase PA subunit.

Cephaeline was highly active against protected primary CLL cells (relative IC50's 35nM ) and acted by repressing HIF-1α± and disturbing intracellular redox homeostasis.

1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Pentagalloylglucose (Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) and gallic acid from Pistacia lentiscus have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities. 2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) possesses potent anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects, it also has inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 activity. 3. PGG may serve as a model for the development of new types of anti-diabetic and anti-metabolic syndrome therapeutics. 4. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta- O -galloyl-β- d -glucose has vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects, it dilates vascular smooth muscle and suppresses the vascular inflammatory process via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO) cGMP signaling. 5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose can decrease the level of extracellular hepatitis B virus (HBV) (IC5, 1. microg ml) in a dose-dependent manner, it also can reduce the HBsAg level by 25% at a concentration of 4 microg ml; the gallate structure of PGG may play a critical role in the inhibition of anti-HBV activity, suggests that PGG could be a candidate for developing an anti-HBV agent. 6. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose has anti-parasitic activity, displays an EC5 value of 67 μM, at least 6.6-fold more effective than the standard drug benznidazole against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi.

Pimodivir (VX-787), an influenza A virus polymerases inhibitor via oral, interacts with the viral PB2 subunit.

Hyperoside (Hyperin) is a naturally occuring flavonoid compound which shows multiple bioactivities, including myocardial protection, anti-redox, and anti-inflammatory activities.

GSK 650394 is an inhibitor of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinases (SGK) that inhibits SGK1 and SGK2 (IC50=62 103 nM). GSK 650394 has antitumor activity and also inhibits osteoclast differentiation and prevents bone loss.

Cynaroside (Luteolin 7-O-Glucoside) is a flavone, a flavonoid-like chemical compound. It has an anti-oxidant effect, inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation.

Favipiravir is a potent and selective RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza virus infections.

Oseltamivir acid (GS4071) is a potent influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor and the prodrug of GS4071.

Xanthohumol, also known as 2', 4, 4'-trihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3'-prenylchalcone or desmethylxanthohumol, is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-prenylated chalcones. It inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 activity and shows chemopreventive effects.

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid natural product that inhibits influenza virus replication (EC50=24.7 μM) and aldose reductase activity (IC50=320 nM). Isoliquiritigenin has antitumor activity.

Harringtonine is a naturally occurring alkaloid that inhibits DNA synthesis and protein synthesis and strongly kills S-phase cells. Harringtonine has antitumor and antiviral activities.

Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Trifluoperazine (trifluoroperazine) is a Dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor(IC50 : 1.2 nM), and Treatment of schizophrenia.

Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin) is a natural antioxidant flavonoid from Ampelopsis grossedentata. Dihydromyricetin is a potent inhibitor of dihydropyrimidinase with an IC50 of 48 μM. Dihydromyricetin can activate autophagy by inhibiting mTOR signaling.

Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) is an isopropyl ester prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog EIDD-1931 with oral bioavailability. Molnupiravir can be used in the study of COVID-19, seasonal and pandemic influenza, and has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses and influenza viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV.

Spermine (Neuridine) is a biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria.

Glabrone shows antiviral activity against influenza virus.

Chebulagic acid, isolated from the Terminalia chebula Retz, is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor.

Theaflavin is a polyphenolic flavonoid that has been found in black tea and has diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties

Chlorogenic acid is a natural phenol found in honeysuckle. Chlorogenic acid has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective.

Oseltamivir (GS 4104) is an orally active and highly potent viral neuraminidase (NA) with antiviral activity, inhibits A H3N2, A H1N2, A H1N1 and influenza B viruses, and can be used in studies of influenza and pneumonia.

3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Isochlorogenic acid B) has antioxidant activity.

1. Dendrobine has a slight but demonstrable analgesic and antipyretic action. 2. Dendrobine produces moderate hyperglycemia, diminishes cardiac activity in large doses, lowers the blood pressure. 3. Dendrobine on the electrical activity and on amino acid-induced depolarizations of primary afferent terminals were tested on the frog isolated spinal cord.

Catechin (Cianidanol) is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant.

U0126-EtOH (U0126 Ethanol) is a non-ATP competitive specific inhibitor of MEK1 2 (IC50: 0.07 0.06 μM).

Naringenin (NSC-11855) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA.

AEBSF hydrochloride (Pefabloc SC) is an irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases, such as chymotrypsin, kallikrein, thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin.

Cephaeline hydrochloride, a phenolic alkaloid found in Indian Ipecac, effectively inhibits the infection of viruses ZIKV and EBOV.

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) , an broad-spectrum antiviral chemical agent, can inhibit cell invade of enveloped viruses by blocking viral fusion with host cell membrane.

Cynarin (1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid) has neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects, it can inhibition of GSK3β as well as the modulation of Bcl-2 Bax.

EBOV-IN-1 is an adamantane dipeptide piperazine inhibitor against Ebola virus (EBOV) that inhibits EBOV infection and suppresses pseudotypic EBOV infection.

1. Eriodictyol (Huazhongilexone) is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. 2. Eriodictyol may possess antidiabetic properties through increasing glucose uptake and improving insulin resistance. 3. Eriodictyol may be a potential therapeutic resource for Atopic dermatitis and an adjunctive agent to control itchiness inAtopic dermatitis.

N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Acide aceneuramique) is a nine-carbon sialic acid monosaccharide commonly found in glycoproteins on cell membranes and in glycolipids such as gangliosides in mammalian cells. Studies have shown that N-Acetylneuraminic acid is biologically useful for neurotransmission, leukocyte extravasation, viral or bacterial infections, and carbohydrate-protein recognition.

Oseltamivir phosphate (GS 4104) is a neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor with oral activity. Oseltamivir phosphate has antiviral activity and is effective against a wide range of influenza viruses, inhibiting mature influenza viruses from breaking away from host cells.

Baloxavir marboxil (S-033188) is a novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor designed for the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections.

Andrographolide (Andrographis)(Andrographis), an irreversible antagonist of NF-κB, has anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation activities and potential antineoplastic.

α-Vitamin E (Dexrabeprazole Sodium) is a naturally-occurring form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties.

Tofacitinib Citrate (CP-690550 citrate) is a a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of JAK1 2 3 (IC50s: 1 20 112 nM).