Influenza Virus

Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agent, a murine STING agonist, and an inducer of cytokines such as type I IFN. Vadimezan has antitumor activity and induces a rapid cessation of blood flow in tumors without affecting blood flow in normal tissues.

Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300/CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

Molnupiravir (MK-4482) (EIDD-2801) is a prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog EIDD-1931 which is orally bioavailable. Molnupiravir can be used in COVID-19, seasonal and pandemic influenza research that has broad spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses and influenza virus, for example, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV [1][2].

Tunicamycin is a mixture of antibiotics that inhibit N-linked glycosylation by blocking GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin has antitumor activity, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity.

1. Hypericin (Cyclosan) has antineoplastic activity. 2. Hypericin has antibiotic and antiviral activities. 3. Hypericin has antidepressive activity through inhibiting monoamine oxidase enzyme. 4. Hypericin inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis via affecting ERK signalling in vitro and suppresses wear particle-induced osteolysis in vivo.

Nuezhenidic acid is a natural product, posseses inhibitory activities against influenza A virus.

Favipiravir (T-705) (T-705), an effective and selective RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, are applied to treat influenza virus infections.

Desaminotyrosine (3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid) is a microbially associated metabolite. Desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling.

Glycitin (Glycitein 7-O-β-glucoside), a natural isoflavone isolated from legumes, can promote the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts and suppresses bone turnover.

1. Chelidonine (Stylophorin) isolated from Chelidonium majus efficiently induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through possible alteration of p38-p53 and AKT/PI3 kinase signalling pathways. 2. Chelidonine is a promising model compound for overcoming MDR and for enhancing cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics, especially against leukaemia cells, its efficacy needs to be confirmed in animal models. 3. Chelidonine may be a potential therapeutic agent against metastasis of invasive human cancer cells, exhibits antimigratory and antiinvasive effects in MDA-MB-231 cells, by suppressing COL-induced integrin signaling, through inhibiting the formation of the IPP complex and subsequent downregulation of IPP downstream signaling molecules, such as Akt and ERK1/2.

Coumarin is a chemical compound/poison found in many plants, notably in high concentration in the tonka bean, woodruff, and bison grass. It has clinical value as the precursor for several anticoagulants, notably warfarin.

Salcomine (NSC-32965) shows anti-influenza virus activity.

Tubercidin (Sparsomycin A), an adenosine analogue, is a nucleoside antibiotic. It is incorporated into DNA and inhibits polymerases, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also exhibits antifungal and antiviral activities.

Sophocarpine monohydrate, a major ingredient of Sophora alopecuroides, has a wide range of pharmacological effects.

AEBSF hydrochloride (Pefabloc SC) is an irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases, such as chymotrypsin, kallikrein, thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin.

Naringenin (NSC-11855) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA.

Picroside II (Vanilloyl catalpol) is the main active ingredient in iridoid glycosides. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-virus and other pharmacological activities.

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) , an broad-spectrum antiviral chemical agent, can inhibit cell invade of enveloped viruses by blocking viral fusion with host cell membrane.

Nitazoxanide (NSC-697855) is a synthetic benzamide with antiprotozoal activity. Nitazoxanide exerts its antiprotozoal activity by interfering with the pyruvate ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase dependent electron transfer reaction.

α-Vitamin E (Dexrabeprazole Sodium) is a naturally-occurring form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties.

Baloxavir marboxil (S-033188) is a novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor for the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections.

(-)-Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin) is found in burdock. (-)-Arctigenin is isolated from Cnicus benedictus, Forsythia viridissima, Arctium lappa, Ipomoea cairica and others (CCD). Arctigenin is a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae, including the Greater burdock (Arctium lappa) and Saussurea heteromalla. It has shown antiviral and anticancer effects. It is the aglycone of arctiin.

Camptothecin (CPT) belongs to the alkaloid group of natural products and is a specific DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor (IC50=679 nM) with specificity. Camptothecin has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis.

Ginsenoside Rb2 (Ginsenoside C) found in species of Panax, upregulating GPR120 gene expression.

1. Octyl Gallate is an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. 2. Octyl Gallate has antimetastatic activity. 3. Octyl Gallate shows antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 ug/mL. 4. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.5. Octyl Gallate is a potential anticancer agent, it exhibited decreased MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231 survival and induced apoptosis, with IC50 value of 40 uM. 6. Octyl gallate (Octyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) has antiviral activity, it shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HEp-2 or Vero cells. 7. Octyl gallate shows antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii ATCC 60483.

Oseltamivir (GS 4104) is an orally active and highly potent viral neuraminidase (NA) with antiviral activity, inhibits A/H3N2, A/H1N2, A/H1N1 and influenza B viruses, and can be used in studies of influenza and pneumonia.

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, suppresses aldose reductase (IC50=320 nM).

Camphor (2-Camphanone) is a bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent.

IHVR-17028 is a potent broad-spectrum ERα-glucosidase I (α-glucosidase? I) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.24 μM and antiviral activity. IHVR-17028 inhibited BVDV, TCRV and DENV, and EC50 values were 0.4 μM, 0.26 μM and 0.3 μM, respectively. IHVR-17028 can be used to study infectious diseases.

Anti-Influenza agent 4 is a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus, inhibiting A/Parma and A/Roma strains with EC50s of 62 nM and 150 nM, respectively.

3- Phenyl- N- [1- (phenylmethyl) - 4- piperidinyl] -tricyclo[3.3.1.13, 7] decane- 1- carboxamide with antiviral activity against Ebola virus that targets the surface-exposed glycoprotein and inhibits viral entry into host cells. In vitro studies in Vero cells revealed the compound inhibits the viral replication with EC50 of 0.38 μM.

CEF6 acetate is a HLA-B7 restricted influenza virus nucleoprotein epitope, belongs to the CEF control peptides. The CEF control peptides are 8-12 amino acids in length, with sequences derived from the human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and influenz

CEF3 acetate corresponds to aa 13-21 of the influenza A virus M1 protein. The matrix (M1) protein of influenza A virus is a multifunctional protein that plays essential structural and functional roles in the virus life cycle.

PP7 is a potent inhibitor of PB1-PB2 interaction(IC50 of 8.6 μM).

Cletoquine hydrochloride is a major active metabolite of Hydroxychloroquine. Cletoquine hydrochloride is a Chloroquine derivative and exhibits the ability to against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Cletoquine hydrochloride exhibits antimalarial effects.

NS1-IN-1 is a potent NS1 inhibitor.NS1-IN-1 displays antiviral activity by inhibiting mTORC1 activity in a TSC1-TSC2-dependent manner.NS1-IN-1 reduces the level of viral proteins and contributes to the reduction of viral replication.

BMY-27709 is an influenza virus growth inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3-8 μM against A/WSN/33 virus growth, and also exhibits inhibitory activity against some subtypes of influenza viruses.BMY-27709 acts early in the course of H1 and H2 virus infections, and exhibits antiviral activity through inhibition of hemagglutinin proteins. However, BMY-27709 has no effect on H3 subtype viruses and influenza B/Lee/40 viruses.

5-Aminouridine (4-Chloro-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol(chlorothymol)) modifies nucleobases and is incorporated into the target DNA. 5-Aminouridine inhibits the growth of tumors, viruses, and fungi.

N-(1-benzyl-4-piperidyl)adamantane-1-carboxamide inhibiting the entry of Ebola virus in host cells by binding to the surface glycoprotein, the compound inhibited the Ebola virus with EC50 of 3.9 μM.

2-PADQZ hydrochloride shows antiviral activity and targets influenza A virus RNA promoter.

EBOV-IN-1 is an adamantane dipeptide piperazine inhibitor against Ebola virus (EBOV) that inhibits EBOV infection and suppresses pseudotypic EBOV infection.

Trifluoromethyl-tubercidin (TFMT) inhibits host MTr1 and suppresses virus replication. TFMT inhibits MTr1 through interaction at its S-adenosyl-l-methionine binding pocket to restrict influenza virus replication. TFMT was effective in inhibiting viral replication in mice, displayed little toxicity.

Amitivir (LY 217896) is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Amitivir inhibits the replication of dividing MDCK cells. Amitivir was associated with asymptomatic rises in serum uric acid levels and was ineffective in modifying the virologic or clinical course of experimental influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.

Cephaeline hydrochloride, a phenolic alkaloid found in Indian Ipecac, effectively inhibits the infection of viruses ZIKV and EBOV.

Rifampicin (Rifamycin AMP) is an antibacterial drug of the class of rifamycin.

Germacrone, a major active component found in Curcuma zedoaria oil product, shows anti-inflammatory, antiandrogenic, and antivirus activities. It also inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells by promoting apoptosis.

Psoralen (Ficusin) is a furocoumarin that intercalates with DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division.

Oseltamivir phosphate (GS 4104) is the phosphate salt of oseltamivir, a synthetic derivative prodrug of ethyl ester with antiviral activity. By blocking neuraminidases on the surfaces of influenza viruses, oseltamivir interferes with host cell release of complete viral particles.

Trifluoperazine (trifluoroperazine) is a Dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor(IC50 : 1.2 nM), and Treatment of schizophrenia.

U0126-EtOH (U0126 Ethanol) is a non-ATP competitive specific inhibitor of MEK1/2 (IC50: 0.07/0.06 μM).