N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid (Ac-L-Glu-OH) (NAcGlu) is an acetylated amino acid. NAcGlu is biosynthesized from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme N-acetyl glutamate synthase (NAGS). NAcGlu activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in the urea cycle. A deficiency in N-acetyl glutamate synthase or a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme will lead to urea cycle failure in which ammonia is not converted to urea, but rather accumulated in the blood leading to the condition called Type I hyperammonemia.

5-(Hydroxymethyl)uracil is a product of oxidative DNA damage and is capable of enhancing or inhibiting potential epigenetic markers for transcription by bacterial RNA polymerases.

Inosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt (ITP) is used in studies on the impact of deamination of ATP and GTP by various enzymes and chemical processes. Inosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt (ITP) may be used as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of nucleoside-5′-triphosphatase and ATPase. Inosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt (ITP) is also used to study activation of various ATPases and GTPases.

Citraconic acid (2-Methylmaleic Acid) is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.

L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester hydrochloride (Leu-Leu-ome hydrochloride) is a lysosomal condensation product that cytotoxic towards natural killer cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes.