Kanamycin is isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces kanamyceticus and its most commonly used form is kanamycin sulfate. Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside bacteriocidal antibiotic and used to treat a wide variety of infections. Kanamycin interacts with the

The concentration of Kanamycin above 0.0025% has a significant inhibition on the growth of B. bifidum while having no influence on the other four probiotics at incubation 12 h or 24 h. The optimum selective concentration of kanamycin in MRS media is 0.005% for selective enumeration of B.bifidum[3].

The neurons damage of the DCN induced by kanamycin (500 mg/kg/day) is reversible and autophagy is upregulated in the neurotoxic course of kanamycin on DCN through JNK1-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 pathway in rats. The serum BUN and Cr levels are both increased at the 1st day after the period of kanamycin administration. The neurons expressing LC3 are increased at 1, 7 and 14 days after kanamycin administration in comparison to the control group. Kanamycin treatment results in the increase of autophagy in a time-dependent manner[1]. Kanamycin (5 mg/kg) and sodium ampicillin (10 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly (i.m.) separately, and then together, to five pony mares, and the ampicillin concentration exceeds 5 mg/mL in inflamed synovial fluid for some 2.5 h after injection, and kanamycin concentration exceeds 2 mg/mL for 7 h in the pony[2].