Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (TriButyrate), a transcriptional regulator, reversibly inhibits class I and II histone deacetylases (HDACs )resulting in a global increase in gene expression, decreased cellular proliferation, increased cell differentiation, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations.

L-Glutamic acid (Glutaminol) acts as an excitatory transmitter, shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

Sodium 2-oxopropanoate (Sodium pyruvate) is a antioxidant potentially used to treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an N-acetyl derivative of cysteine, a ROS inhibitor and mucolytic agent. Acetylcysteine induces apoptosis, can be used to reduce mucus thickness, and has anti-influenza viral activity.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a uracil analog and inhibitor of DNA synthesis, exhibiting antitumor activity by affecting pyrimidine synthesis through thymidylate synthase inhibition; it induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) is an anhydrous glucose polymer with a molecular weight range of 4500-5500. It inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication by preventing viral adsorption to host cells and is commonly used to model inflammatory bowel disease. The high negative charge from its sulfate groups damages the intestinal mucosal barrier, leading to intestinal barrier dysfunction, macrophage impairment, and bacterial flora disorder.

Imeglimin hydrochloride (EMD 387008 hydrochloride） is an oral hypoglycemic agent. Imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species, increases mitochondrial DNA, and improves mitochondrial function.