Lycopene (ψ,ψ-Carotene) is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet.

Sodium Thiocyanate, one of the main sources of the thiocyanate anion, is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other specialty chemicals.

α-Vitamin E (Dexrabeprazole Sodium) is a naturally-occurring form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties.

D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone (Gluconolactone) is a naturally occurring food additive used as a sequestrant, acidifier, curing agent, pickling agent, or leavening agent. It is a cyclic ester of D-gluconic acid and appears as a white, odorless crystalline powder.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring compound, acting as the electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (Trapidil impurity B) is an inhibitor of catalase, capable of inducing the compensatory mechanism for hydrogen peroxide detoxification. This mechanism involves increasing the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase.

Ammonium sulfate is one of the compounds commonly used in inorganic experiments as an oxidizing agent and bleaching agent.

Tempol (Tanol) is a superoxide scavenger. It has anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and analgesic effects.