FRAX486 is a potent p21-activated kinase (PAK) inhibitor with IC50 values of 14, 33, 39 and 575 nM for PAK1, PAK2, PAK3 and PAK4 respectively.

PAK2:33 nM, PAK3:39 nM, PAK1:14 nM, PAK4:575 nM

In WPMY-1 cells, FRAX486 induces concentration-dependent (1-10 μM) degeneration of actin filaments. This was paralleled by attenuation of proliferation rate, being observed from 1 to 10 μM FRAX486. Cytotoxicity of FRAX486 in WPMY-1 cells is time- and concentration-dependent. In WPMY-1 cells, effects of FRAX486 on actin organization, survival, and proliferation occurred already at concentrations of 1-5 μM. In these concentrations, full inhibition of PAK1-3 may be expected, while PAK4 may be inhibited only partially[2].

FRAX486 crosses the blood-brain barrier and that therapeutically useful concentrations of FRAX486 are in the brain as early as 1 h and remain as long as 24 h after administration, with the maximum concentration in the target tissue at 8 h. Daily dosing results in steady-state levels of FRAX486 in the brain. FRAX486 specifically rescues the Fmr1 KO abnormality in which the spine phenotype is present in apical neurons and not simply decreasing spine density irrespective of genotype or existence of a phenotype. Also, FRAX486 reduces hyperactivity and stereotypical movements, both of which are phenotypes that characterize the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome[3].

Cells are grown in 96-well plates (20,000 cells/well) for 24 h, before FRAX486, IPA3, or DMSO are added in indicated concentrations (1, 5, 10 μM). Subsequently, cells are grown for different periods (24, 48, 72 h). Separate controls are performed for each period. At the end of this period, 10 μl of [2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST-8) from CCK-8 is added, and absorbance in each well is measured at 450 nm after incubation for 2 h at 37°C.(Only for Reference)