4-Deoxypyridoxine (4-DPD) is a vitamin B6 antimetabolite with diverse biological activities. It inhibits transport of pyridoxine , pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine in and reduces growth of S. carlsbergensis cells. 4-DPD inhibits sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase and reduces cyclic stretch-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial MLE-12 cells. 4-DPD (5 mg, i.p.) reduces lysyl oxidase activity by 26% and reduces collagen and elastin crosslinking, resulting in limb abnormalities in chick embryos. It decreases latency to first seizure in mice (ED50 = 1 mmol/kg) and increases the occurrence and duration of myoclonic responses in baboons with photosensitive epilepsy. 4-DPD reduces TNF-α and IL-6 production in mice infected with T. spiralis.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an agonist for S1P1-5 receptors and a ligand for GPR3, GPR6, GPR12.Sphingosine-1-phosphate is an intracellular second messenger that mobilises Ca2+ as an extracellular ligand for G-protein coupled receptors. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is an important lipid mediator generated from sphingosine (HY-113498) or other membrane phospholipids.

BAF312 (Siponimod (BAF-312)), a next-generation S1P receptor modulator, is specific for S1P1 and S1P5 receptors with EC50 of 0.39 nM and 0.98 nM, respectively. The specificity of BAF312 for S1P1 and S1P5 receptors exhibits >1000-fold over S1P2, S1P3 and S1P4 receptors.

Peretinoin (NIK333) is an oral acyclic retinoid with a vitamin A-like structure that targets retinoid nuclear receptors such as RXR and RAR.

SphK1&2-IN-1 is a sphingosine kinase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, antitumor and hemostatic effects.