FA-Ala-Arg is a dipeptide featuring a furylacryloyl group that degrades to yield arginine. It augments nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in MCF-7 cells through a mechanism in which cell-surface Carboxypeptidase-D (CPD) elevates intracellular arginine levels. Furthermore, FA-Ala-Arg promotes cell survival in prolactin (PRL)-treated cells wherein PRL modulates CPD mRNA levels [1].

(2R,3R)-Butane-2,3-diol (levo-2,3-Butanediol) is found in cocoa and cocoa products. (2R,3R)-2,3-Butanediol is isolated from cocoa butter and roots of Ruta graveolens (rue).2,3-Butanediol is one of the constitutional isomers of butanediol. The 2R,3R stereoisomer of 2,3-butanediol is produced by a variety of microorganisms, in a process known as butanediol fermentation. It is found in cocoa butter and in the roots of Ruta graveolens.

Shikimic Acid (Shikimate) is a tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in the biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.

Octopamine hydrochloride ((±)-p-Octopamine hydrochlorid) is a biogenic monoamine structurally associated with noradrenaline. It can serve as a neurohormone, a neurotransmitter, and a neuromodulator in invertebrates.

trans-Vaccenic acid is a precursor substance that synthesizes saturated fatty acids in the rumen and conjugated linoleic acid at the tissue level. trans-Vaccenic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway.