Acifluorfen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor herbicide, promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and induces tumors in rodent livers, causing significant photooxidative damage to pigments and lipids in sensitive plant species.

To examine the link between herbicide efficacy and intrinsic antioxidants, this study explores the impact of Acifluorfen on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledon disc levels of glutathione and ascorbate. Acifluorfen significantly reduces glutathione and ascorbate concentrations by more than 50% in discs exposed to white light (450 microeinsteins per square meter per second) for under 1.5 hours. Additionally, Acifluorfen precipitates rapid ascorbate depletion in plants grown under far-red light, which lack photosynthetic capability [2].

Dietary treatment with 2500 ppm Acifluorfen for up to 13 weeks increases Cyp2b10 expression in the livers of wild-type mice, but not in CAR-knockout (CARKO) mice. Microscopically, Acifluorfen treatment-induces cytotoxic changes, including hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation, and causes regenerative changes accompanied by prolonged increases in the numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes in WT mice [1]. These results indicated that prolonged cytotoxicity in the liver was a key factor for ACI-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, and that CAR played an important role in ACI-induced liver injury and tumor development in mice.