glutathione

Glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride (Glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride(1271726-51-2 Free base)) is a potentially active anti-cancer molecule and inhibitor of tumour metabolism. glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride targets the mitochondrial inner membrane adenine nucleotidyl transferase (ANT), which inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride can be used to recognize cell surface proteins such as protein disulfide isomerases.

L-Glutathione reduced (Glutathione) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in cells as an endogenous antioxidant that scavenges oxygen free radicals. L-Glutathione reduced is a cofactor for certain enzymes and is involved in the rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds and the reduction of peroxides.

Glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) is an enzyme that ensures the availability of reduced glutathione [1].

S-(1,2-Dicarboxyethyl)glutathione is a peptide known for its inhibitory effects on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation [1].

S-(p-Nitrobenzyl)glutathione acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutathionase. Rat kidney microsomes convert this compound into associated cysteine derivatives. It serves as a research tool in investigating the catabolism of glutathione by the glutathionase system [1] [2].

Glutathione can occur in reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG), or in mixed disulfide forms and is ubiquitous in multiple biological systems serving as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer of the cell. GSSG is the oxidized form of GSH . It can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase. GSSG functions as a hydrogen acceptor in the enzymatic determination of NADP+ and NADPH and can be a proximal donor in S-glutathionylation post translational modifications. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress, with higher concentrations of GSSG predicting increased oxidative stress.

Glutathione monoisopropyl ester is a biochemical.

L-Cysteine-glutathione disulfide, a glutathione derivative endogenous to mammalian cells, is comprised of the oxidized form of free glutathione tripeptide linked via a disulfide bond to L-cysteine. It has been shown to protect mice against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

N,S-Bis-Fmoc-Glutathione is a potent inhibitor of glyoxalase II, exhibiting a K i of 0.32 mM [1].

Glutathione synthesis-IN-1 (DC-1) is a inhibitor of glutathione synthesis[1].

Glutathione glycylethyl ester is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

Glutathione palmitamide is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

Glutathione arsenoxide is a hydrophilic derivative of phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. Glutathione arsenoxide inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

Glutathione maleimide is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

S-Acetyl-L-glutathione is a derivative of glutathione .1 It increases intracellular GSH levels in primary fibroblasts derived from patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency when used at a concentration of 50 μM. S-Acetyl-L-glutathione (5 mM) induces apoptosis in Daudi, Raji, and Jurkat lymphoma cells.2 It inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in human foreskin fibroblasts when used at concentrations of 5 and 10 mM.3 S-Acetyl-L-glutathione (6.25 μg/g per day) increases survival in a mouse model of HSV-1 infection.

L-γ-Glutamyl-S-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl] was isolated as the major principle responsible for the inhibition of the in vitro binding of kainic acid to brain glutamate receptors by water extracts of the plant Gastrodia elata.

Glutathione oxidized (L(-)-Glutathione) is a GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.

Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.11.1.9), a member of the peroxidase family, catalyzes the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) by forming a disulfide bridge, concurrently reducing hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxides to water. This enzyme serves as a potent antioxidant, protecting against oxidative stress [1].

S-Geranylgeranyl-L-glutathione acts as a ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) P2RY8, displaying selective affinity by inducing internalization of P2RY8 in preference to the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1P2), GPR55, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1 receptor), and the CysLT2 receptor at a concentration of 100 nM. Additionally, at a lower concentration of 10 nM, S-Geranylgeranyl-L-glutathione inhibits the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12-induced migration of both P2RY8-expressing WEHI-231 B cell lymphoma cells and human tonsil germinal center B cells.

Glutathione sulfinanilide is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

S-Ethyl glutathione is the enzyme Glyoxalase 1 inhibitor.

Glutathione sulfonate is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

Dansyl glutathione is a capture agent used for quantitative assessment and identification of reactive metabolites.

Glutathione sodium is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

Glutathione ethyl ester, a cell-permeable GSH donor, enhances the in vitro production of embryos by bolstering antioxidative defense, thereby ensuring an effective GSH supply to the oocyte [1].

Glutathione diethyl ester is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

Glutathione amide is a enzyme of a chimeric protein.

Glutathione-(glyucine-13C2-15N) Trifluoroacetate is the 13C and 15N labeled compound of Glutathione Trifluoroacetate.

Selenodiglutathione is a primary Se metabolite conjugated with two glutathione (GSH) moieties.

S-Methylglutathione (S-Methyl glutathione) is an S-substituted glutathione, an inhibitor of the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene coupling catalyzed by transferase A and an XOCl scavenger.S-Methylglutathione inhibits glyoxalase 1 (glyoxalase 1), which induces the development of the glyoxalase 1 enzyme. S-Methylglutathione inhibits glyoxalase 1 (glyoxalase 1) and induces the formation of hydroid tentacle balls.

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous transnitrosation donor involved in S-nitrosation of a variety of cellular proteins. GSNO, an exogenous NO donor and substrate of rat alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme, inhibits cerebral angiotensin II-dependent and -independent AT1 receptor responses.

Darinaparsin is a dimethylated arsenic linked to glutathione. It is cytotoxic to DU145, LNCaP, and PC3 prostate cancer cells (IC50s = 5-10 µM) and patient-derived primary prostate cancer cells (IC50s = 2.5-20 µM), as well as Jurkat T cell lymphoma and L540 Hodgkin lymphoma cells (IC50s = 2.7 and 1.3 µM, respectively). [1][2] It decreases the tumor-initiating subpopulation in DU145 and PC3 cells and halts the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. Darinaparsin decreases transcription of Gli-2, a transcription factor that mediates Sonic hedgehog signaling, when used at a concentration of 1.5 but not 3 µM. It decreases SHP1 phosphatase activity and increases ERK phosphorylation. [2] Darinaparsin reduces tumor growth in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer mouse xenograft models when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg every other day.[1]

GPX4 24, a derivative of (1S,3R)-RSL3, acts as a potent inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) through covalent binding in a concentration-dependent manner within 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells. This compound effectively induces ferroptosis in GPX4-dependent HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells with an EC50 value of 0.16 µM. Additionally, at a dose of 200 mg/kg, GPX4 24 elevates malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both kidney and plasma of mice, highlighting its impact on lipid peroxidation.

JKE-1674 is an inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). JKE-1674 is an active metabolite of the GPX4 inhibitor ML-210.

RSL3 (RSL3 1S) is an inhibitor of GPX4, and inhibits system xc- that blocks GSH synthesis (IC50=100 nM). RSL3 is a VDAC-independent activator of ferroptosis that is selective for tumor cells carrying oncogenic RAS.

Imidazole ketone erastin (IKE) is an ferroptosis inducer with inhibitory effects on system Xc-cystine/glutamate transporter proteins. Imidazole ketone erastin has antitumor activity and induces glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation.

S-Benzylglutathione acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutathionase and undergoes conversion by rat kidney microsomes into its cysteine derivatives. It is utilized in studies concerning the metabolic degradation of glutathione via the glutathionase system [1].

L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate (L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate) is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), taurine and glutathione. L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans.

S-Octylglutathione is a competitive inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) [1].

Diethylmaleate (Maleic acid, diethyl ester) is the diethyl ester of maleic acid and a glutathione-depleting compound that inhibits NF-kB.

4-Methylesculetin (Methylesculetin) is one of the coumarin derivatives with great anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

L-Theanine is a relaxing and nondietary amino acid found pretty much exclusively in teas from Camellia sinensis and is known to promote relaxation without sedation.

Musk ketone can induce the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells. Musk ketone increases activity of glutathione S-transferase and thus may prove to be useful cancer chemoprotectant.

L-Cysteine (L-(+)-Cysteine) is a non-essential sulfur-containing amino acid in humans. L-Cysteine is important for protein synthesis, detoxification, and diverse metabolic functions. Found in beta-keratin, the main protein in nails, skin, and hair, L-Cysteine is important in collagen production, as well as skin elasticity and texture. Also required in the manufacture of amino acid taurine, L-Cysteine is a component of the antioxidant glutathione, and plays a role in the metabolism of essential biochemicals such as coenzyme A, heparin, and biotin.

Homoglutathione, a tripeptide essential in eukaryotes, plays multifaceted roles in cellular redox regulation and exhibits taste-modifying effects [1] [2].

Thioredoxin reductase peptide acetate corresponds to residues 53–67 in thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), used in thioredoxin reductase research.Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) catalyzes the reduction of the redox-active disulfide bond of thioredoxin (Trx

Ezatiostat TFA (TLK199) is a liposomal small-molecule glutathione analog inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1 with hematopoiesis-stimulating activity.

Trans-Methylisoeugenol is a compound with insecticidal activity isolated from Acorus calamus L. It is a natural food flavor. It is a natural food flavor with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties and moderately reversible inhibition of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) (0.2 to 5.4 mmol for human GSTs and 0.4 to 4.9 mmol for rat GSTs).

γ-Glu-Phe TFA(7432-24-8 free base) is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and phenylalanine and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It is probably formed by transpeptidation between glutathione and the corresponding amino acid, catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

Hexylglutathione, a glutathione-S-transferase inhibitor, is used to study the effects of phase II enzymes and glutathione.