Bindarit (AF2838) displays specific inhibition against monocyte chemotactic proteins MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-3/CCL7 and MCP-2/CCL8.

Bindarit treatment causes a dose-dependent inhibition of the capacity of human monocytes to produce monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in response to bacterial LPS or C. albicans with IC50 of 172 μM and 403 μM, respectively. The inhibition of LP-induced MCP-1 production by Bindarit is associated with reduced levels of MCP-1 mRNA transcripts with IC50 of 75 μM. Bindarit inhibits the production of MCP-1 by LPS-stimulated MM6 cells with IC50 of 425 μM, without affecting the release of IL-8 or IL-6. [2] Bindarit treatment inhibits the release of MCP-1 from IL-1 stimulated osteoblast cell line Saos-2. [3] Bindarit, even at the maximal concentration, does not exhibit a direct in vitro cytotoxic effect on human IIB-MEL-J melanoma or ECs, although it inhibits MCP-1 expression. [4] Bindarit (10-300 μM) reduces rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, migration, and invasion. [5] Bindarit induces the downregulation of the classical NF-κB pathway. Bindarit displays a specific inhibitory effect on the p65 and p65/p50 induced MCP-1 promoter activation, with no effect on other tested activated promoters, indicating that Bindarit acts on a specific subpopulation of NF-κB isoforms and selects its targets within the whole NF-κB inflammatory pathway. [6] Bindarit modulates cancer-cell proliferation and migration, mainly through negative regulation of TGF-β and AKT signaling. [7]

Oral administration of Bindarit at 50 mg/kg in NZB/W mice delays the onset of proteinuria, significantly protects from renal function impairment, and prolongs survival of NZB/W mice or lupus mice. Bindarit treatment completely MCP-1 up-regulation during the progression of nephritis. [1] Inhibition of MCP-1 with Bindarit also reduces tumor growth and macrophage recruitment, rendering necrotic tumor masses in human melanoma xenografts. [4] Bindarit is effective in reducing neointima formation in both non-hyperlipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic animal models of vascular injury by a direct effect on VSMC proliferation and migration and by reducing neointimal macrophage content. [5] Administration of Bindarit results in impaired metastatic disease in prostate cancer PC-3M-Luc2 xenograft mice and impairment of local tumorigenesis in Balb/c mice with murine breast cancer 4T1-Luc cells. In addition, Bindarit treatment significantly decreases the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in 4T1-Luc primary tumors. [7]