RIP1 Kinase Inhibitor 8 (Compound 77), a potent and highly selective dihydropyrazole (DHP) RIP1 kinase inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 of 20 nM and effectively prevents necrotic cell death. It also demonstrates a favorable pharmacokinetic profile across multiple species [1].

Cholicamideβ (compound 6), a self-assembling small molecule cancer vaccine adjuvant, forms low cytotoxicity virus-like particles and upon binding to peptide antigens, enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation and induces antigen-specific T-cell responses, with the ability to induce apoptosis and necrosis [1].

MLKL-IN-6 (compound P28) is a mixed lineage kinase inhibitor that specifically targets the Mixed Lineage Kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein. It effectively prevents MLKL phosphorylation and oligomerization, which are critical steps in cell necrosis. Additionally, MLKL-IN-6 restrains immune cell death, diminishes adhesion factor expression, exhibits low cytotoxicity, impedes hepatic stellate cell activation, decreases liver fibrosis marker levels, and exerts anti-fibrotic effects [1].

TP4 (Nile tilapia piscidin) is an orally active, piscidin-like antimicrobial peptide that inhibits various gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.03 to 10 μg/mL. It demonstrates hemolytic activity and promotes immune response, antioxidant activity, and intestinal health in the presence of bacterial infections. Additionally, TP4 has an anti-tumor effect and induces necrosis in cancer cells by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction [1] [2] [3].

FGFR1/VEGFR2-IN-2 (compound 6) is a dual inhibitor targeting both VEGFR2 and FGFR1 with IC50 values of 0.025 µM and 0.026 µM, respectively. This compound also exhibits inhibitory effects on EGFR and PDGFR-β, with IC50 values of 0.106 µM and 0.077 µM, respectively. FGFR1/VEGFR2-IN-2 demonstrates significant anticancer activity in the NCI-60 cell lines, showing a growth inhibition (GI) of 60.38%. In T-47D cell lines, it achieves an IC50 of 8.51 µM, exhibits anti-migratory properties, induces cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, and promotes both apoptosis and necrosis. Additionally, while it has an IC50 greater than 100 µM in MCF-7 cell lines, it does so with an IC50 of 69.17 µM in MDA-MB-231 cell lines and shows no toxicity to normal cells.