Cholicamideβ (compound 6), a self-assembling small molecule cancer vaccine adjuvant, forms low cytotoxicity virus-like particles and upon binding to peptide antigens, enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation and induces antigen-specific T-cell responses, with the ability to induce apoptosis and necrosis [1].

MLKL-IN-6 (compound P28) is a mixed lineage kinase inhibitor that specifically targets the Mixed Lineage Kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein. It effectively prevents MLKL phosphorylation and oligomerization, which are critical steps in cell necrosis. Additionally, MLKL-IN-6 restrains immune cell death, diminishes adhesion factor expression, exhibits low cytotoxicity, impedes hepatic stellate cell activation, decreases liver fibrosis marker levels, and exerts anti-fibrotic effects [1].

TP4 (Nile tilapia piscidin) is an orally active, piscidin-like antimicrobial peptide that inhibits various gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.03 to 10 μg/mL. It demonstrates hemolytic activity and promotes immune response, antioxidant activity, and intestinal health in the presence of bacterial infections. Additionally, TP4 has an anti-tumor effect and induces necrosis in cancer cells by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction [1] [2] [3].