EIDD-1931 (Beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine) is a ribonucleoside analog with antiviral activity that inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] in Vero 76 cells, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV] in Calu-3 2B4 cells, and SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells (IC50s = 0.1, 0.15, and 0.3 μM, respectively).

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) , an broad-spectrum antiviral chemical agent, can inhibit cell invade of enveloped viruses by blocking viral fusion with host cell membrane.

PF-07321332 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of SARS-CoV 3C-like protease (3CLPRO) .

Favipiravir is a potent and selective RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza virus infections.

Imatinib (STI571) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the kinase activities of BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR, and c-kit with oral activity. Imatinib has antitumor activity for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia.

Andrographolide (Andrographis)(Andrographis), an irreversible antagonist of NF-κB, has anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation activities and potential antineoplastic.

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.