3-Butynoic acid is a potent inhibitor of acyl CoA dehydrogenase, a substrate for the Zn-dependent flavoproteinase D-lactate dehydrogenase, and can be used to study lactic acid metabolism.

Genistein (NPI 031L) is an isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II), with antineoplastic and antitumor activities.

Calcium 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate (Calcium 2-hydroxy-4-(calcium hydroxymethionine)) is a nutrition enhancer. It exists as a solid, soluble (in water), and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid has been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, It is primarily located in the cytoplasm and adiposome.

Undecanedioic acid has been found in parts of human aortas with advanced atherosclerotic lesions associated with intercellular matrix macromolecules and specifically with elastin.

L-Cysteine (L-(+)-Cysteine) is a non-essential sulfur-containing amino acid in humans. L-Cysteine is important for protein synthesis, detoxification, and diverse metabolic functions. Found in beta-keratin, the main protein in nails, skin, and hair, L-Cysteine is important in collagen production, as well as skin elasticity and texture. Also required in the manufacture of amino acid taurine, L-Cysteine is a component of the antioxidant glutathione, and plays a role in the metabolism of essential biochemicals such as coenzyme A, heparin, and biotin.