L-Glutamic acid (Glutaminol) acts as an excitatory transmitter, shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide), a non-essential amino acid, is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia.

L-Cystine (Cystine Acid) is not considered one of the 20 amino acids, L-Cystine (Cystine Acid) is a sulfur-containing derivative obtained from oxidation of cysteine amino acid thiol side chains. It functions as an antioxidant and protects tissues against radiation and pollution, slowing the aging process. It also aids protein synthesis. L-Cystine (Cystine Acid) is abundant in many proteins of skeletal tissues and skin, and found in insulin and digestive enzymes chromotrypsinogen A, papain, and trypsinogen.

TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is an antioxidant that induces an antioxidant response through the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG) (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.

Artemisinin (Qinghaosu) is a natural product, a sesquiterpene lactone, derived from Artemisia annua. Artemisinin has anti-malarial activity, as well as neuroprotective and anti-tumor activity.

Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an N-acetyl derivative of cysteine, a ROS inhibitor and mucolytic agent. Acetylcysteine induces apoptosis, can be used to reduce mucus thickness, and has anti-influenza viral activity.

Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300/CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.