Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) is an anhydrous glucose polymer with a molecular weight range of 4500-5500. It inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication by preventing viral adsorption to host cells and is commonly used to model inflammatory bowel disease. The high negative charge from its sulfate groups damages the intestinal mucosal barrier, leading to intestinal barrier dysfunction, macrophage impairment, and bacterial flora disorder.

3-Indoleacetic acid (indolylacetic acid) (IAA) is the most common plant hormone of the auxin class and it regulates various aspects of plant growth and development.

Ferulic Acid (Coniferic acid) is a highly abundant phenolic phytochemical and a type of organic compound found in the Ferula assafoetida L. or Ligusticum chuanxiong.It can be absorbed by the small intestine and excreted through the urine.

Daidzein (Isoflavone) is an isoflavone extract from soy, which is an inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. It has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties.

Guanidine hydrochloride (Aminoformamidine Hydrochloride) is a strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant.

Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Fumaric acid (2-Butenedioic acid) attenuates the eotaxin-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts by suppressing p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling. Fumaric acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer-causing metabolite. High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors. Its oncogenic action appears due to its ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes.

Stavudine (BMY-27857), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor analog of thymidine, has activity against HIV.