Zosuquidar trihydrochloride (LY-335979 trihydrochloride) is a potent modulator of P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug resistance with Ki of 60 nM. Phase 3.

LY335979 competitively inhibits equilibrium binding of [3H]vinblastine to Pgp by blocking [3H]azidopine photoaffinity labeling of the Pgp in CEM/VLB100 plasma membranes. [1] LY335979 alone shows the cytotoxicity to drug-sensitive and MDR cell lines with IC50 ranging from 6 μM-16 μM and produces its ability to completely reverse the resistance of the oncolytics (vinblastine, doxorubicin, or etoposide) to the MDR cell lines P388/ADR, MCF7/ADR, 2780AD, or UCLA-P3.003VLB at concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 μM. [1] LY335979 significantly restores drug sensitivity in P-gp-expressing leukemia cell lines including K562/HHT40, K562/HHT90, K562/DOX and HL60/DNR, and enhances the cytotoxicity of anthracyclines (daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone) and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in primary AML blasts with active P-gp. [2] A latest paper indicates that LY335979 completely inhibits apically directed transport of (Z)-endoxifen in the ABCB1-transduced cells. [3]

Zosuquidar trihydrochloride is only moderately active as an inhibitor of P-gp at the blood-brain. Zosuquidar trihydrochloride at an oral dose of 25 mg/kg increases the brain concentrations by about 2.5-fold at 1 h and 5-fold at 24 h after paclitaxel administrationbarrier[4]. Zosuquidar enhances the brain uptake of nelfinavir in a dose-dependent manner. Brain tissue/plasma nelfinavir concentration ratios increase from 0.06±0.03 in the absence of zosuquidar administration and 0.09±0.02 between 2 and 6 h after a 2 mg/kg intravenous dose of zosuquidar to 0.85±0.19 after 6h and 1.58±0.67 after 20 mg/kg zosuquidar[5].

ATPase Assay : P-Glycoprotein ATPase activity is measured by the liberation of inorganic phosphate from ATP. The assay is measured in a 96-well plate for 90 min at 37 °C. Membranes (8 μg-10 μg protein) are incubated in a total volume of 100 μL of buffer A containing 5 mM sodium azide, 1 mM ouabain, 1 mM EGTA, 3 mM ATP, an ATP regenerating system composed of 5 mM phosphoenolpyruvate, and 3.6 units/mL pyruvate kinase in the presence and absence of 1 mM sodium vanadate. Pgp-ATPase activity is defined as the vanadate-sensitive portion of the total ATPase activity. Plates are read 3 minutes after the addition of the detection solution. The absorbance is measured at 690 nm by a microtiter dish reader. A phosphate standard curve is used to calculate the μMol of phosphate formed. Samples are measured in triplicate.

Cell viability is determined using a modified 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye reduction method. Cells are harvested during logarithmic growth phase, and seeded in 96-well plates. The cells are then cultured for 72 hours in the presence of oncolytics with or without modulators. MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells are incubated 24 hours before the addition of the drug with and without the LY335979. LY335979 is prepared as 2 mM DMSO stocks and added to wells to give final concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 5 μM. After 72 hours, 20 μL of freshly prepared 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (5 mg/mL in Dulbecco's PBS) is added to each well and incubated for 4 hours in a 37 °C incubator containing 5% CO2. Cells are pelleted in a Sorvall RT6000B centrifuge, 70 μL of medium is carefully removed from each well, and 100 μL of 2-propanol/0.04 N HC1 is added. Cells are resuspended 5-10 times with a Multipipettor or until no particulate matter is visible. Plates are immediately read on a Titertek Multiskan MCC/340 microplate reader Flow Laboratories with a test wavelength of 570 nm and a reference wavelength of 630 nm. Controls are measured in quadruplicate and modulators are measured in duplicate. Cytotoxicity analyses are also performed using the CeliTiter 96 AQueous assay kit.(Only for Reference)