Piperine (Bioperine) , a alkaloid, has been used in trials studying the treatment of multiple myeloma and deglutition disorders.

P-gp:61.94±0.054 μg/mL, CYP3A4:61.94±0.054 μg/mL

Piperine demonstrates varying lethality (LD50) across different routes of administration in animals. In mice, the LD50 values are 15.1 mg/kg for intravenous injection, 43 mg/kg for intraperitoneal injection, 200 mg/kg for subcutaneous injection, and 330 mg/kg for oral administration (gavage). In rats, the LD50 is 33.5 mg/kg for intraperitoneal injection and 514 mg/kg for oral administration (gavage).

Magnolol exhibits antifungal activity, effectively inhibiting the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypsum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, Cryptococcus, and Candida albicans with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 25 to 100 μg/ml. In vitro, magnolol enhances the binding of [3H]-muscimol to the hippocampus.

Standard solution is prepared by dissolving 10 mg of piperine in 100 mL of methanol. The MTT assay is carried out to measure cell viability. Ten thousand cells in 100 μL of DMEM media are seeded in the wells of a 96-well plate. After 24 h, existing media is removed and 100 μL of various concentrations of piperine (20–100 μg/mL) are added and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C in a CO2 incubator. Control cells are supplemented with 0.05 % DMSO vehicle. At the 48th hour of incubation, MTT (10 μL of 5 mg/mL) is added to the plate. The contents of the plate are pipetted out carefully, the formazan crystals formed are dissolved in 100 μL of DMSO, and the absorbance is measured at 550 nm in a microplate reader[1].