Prazosin hydrochloride (Vasoflex) reduces peripheral resistance and relaxes vascular smooth muscles as a selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist by a mechanism not completely known. Prazosin hydrochloride is a synthetic piperazine derivative with hypotensive antiadrenergic properties, It is used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention.

1. Oleandrin (Folinerin), the principal cardiac glycoside component of PBI-524, can quantitatively account for regulation of BDNF at both the protein and transcriptional levels. 2. Oleandrin are known to inhibit the Na, K-ATPase pump, resulting in a consequent increase in calcium influx in heart muscle. 3. Oleandrin has stronger anti-proliferative activity in undifferentiated CaCO-2 cells (IC50, 8.25 nM) , causes an autophagic cell death and altered ERK phosphorylation in undifferentiated.

CLP257 is a selective K+-Cl− cotransporter KCC2 activator (EC50: 616 nM) and it is inactive against NKCC1, GABAA receptors, KCC1, KCC3 or KCC4. CLP257 alleviates hypersensitivity in rats with neuropathic painc and it also modulates plasmalemmal KCC2 protein turnover post-translationally. CLP257 restores impaired Cl− transport in neurons with diminished KCC2 activity.

Apamin acetate (Apamine acetate) is a selective Ca2+-activated blocker of K+ (SK) channels, an 18-amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in bee toxins.Apamin acetate enhances synapse growth and regeneration following laceration injury to cortical neurons.Apamin acetate has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects.

RY785 is a potent and selective inhibitor of voltage-gated potassium channel such as KV2.2 (IC50 = 50 nM). RY785 may be used in pain relief studies.