Doxofylline (Doxophylline) is a methylxanthine derivative with the presence of a dioxolane group in position 7. As a drug used in the treatment of asthma, doxofylline has shown similar efficacy to theophylline but with significantly fewer side effects in animal and human studies.

Apremilast (CC-10004) (CC-10004) is a potent and orally active PDE4 (IC50=74 nM) with anti-inflammation activities.

Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is an immunomodulator with oral activity. Lenalidomide is a ligand for the ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), which selectively ubiquitinates and degrades two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, via the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase, and is commonly used in the synthesis of PROTAC products.

Icariin (Ieariline) belongs to the flavonol glycoside group of natural products, can inhibit PDE5 and PDE4 activity (IC50=432/73.50 μM), is also a PPARα activator. Icariin can increase cardiovascular and cerebrovascular blood flow, promote hematopoiesis, immunity and bone metabolism.

Theophylline monohydrate (Quibron) appears to inhibit phosphodiesterase and prostaglandin production, regulate calcium flux and intracellular calcium distribution, and antagonize adenosine. Theophylline monohydrate is a natural alkaloid derivative of xanthine isolated from the plants Camellia sinensis and Coffea arabica. Physiologically, this agent relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle, produces vasodilation (except in cerebral vessels), stimulates the CNS, stimulates the cardiac muscle, induces diuresis, and increases gastric acid secretion; it may also suppress inflammation and improve contractility of the diaphragm.

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac, and central nervous system stimulant activities. It inhibits the 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic AMP, thus potentiating the actions of agents that act through adenylyl cyclases and cyclic AMP.

Indomethacin (Indomethacin) is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor (IC50=18/26 nM) with blood-brain barrier permeability and non-selectivity. Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.

Fisetin belongs to a group of natural flavonols with a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-aging and neuroprotective effects.