Icariin (Ieariline) belongs to the flavonol glycoside group of natural products, can inhibit PDE5 and PDE4 activity (IC50=432/73.50 μM), is also a PPARα activator. Icariin can increase cardiovascular and cerebrovascular blood flow, promote hematopoiesis, immunity and bone metabolism.

Gemfibrozil (CI-719) interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha) resulting in PPARalpha-mediated stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis. Gemfibrozil is a fibric acid derivative with hypolipidemic effects. This enhances triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and reduces the expression of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). The reduction in hepatic production of apoC-III result in the subsequent reduction of serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, gemfibrozil-mediated PPARalpha stimulation of apoA-I and apoA-II expression results in an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

Fisetin belongs to a group of natural flavonols with a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-aging and neuroprotective effects.

Daidzein (Isoflavone) is an isoflavone extract from soy, which is an inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. It has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties.

Fenofibrate (Lipanthyl) is a peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha agonist. Fenofibrate is a synthetic phenoxy-isobutyric acid derivate and prodrug with antihyperlipidemic activity.