Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate (Potassium citrate monohydrate) is the major active ingredient of Garcinia cambogia and a derivative of citric acid, which effectively inhibits stone formation and HIF, and has antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor effects. It also competitively inhibits ATP citrate lyase, offering weight loss benefits.

Empagliflozin (BI 10773) is an SGLT-2 inhibitor (IC50=3.1 nM) that is potent and selective, with more than 300-fold selectivity for SGLT-1/4/5/6. Empagliflozin is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Phlorizin (Phloridzin) is a non-selective SGLT inhibitor found in apple, for hSGLT1( Ki=300 nM) and hSGLT2( Ki=39 nM) .

Acriflavine Hydrochloride (Acriflavine HCl) is a HIF-1α inhibitor. It acts by targeting HIF-1α-mediated pathways and decreasing the level of PGK1, VEGF, and HIF-1α in vitro and in vivo.

1. Cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamic Aldehyde) has antipyretic activity. 2. Cinnamaldehyde is a sedative agent. 3. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits invasive capabilities of MDA-MB-435S cells was correlated with down-regulating the expression of miR-27a. 4. Cinnamaldehyde induces the generation of reactive oxygen species and exerts vasodilator and anticancer effects. 5. Cinnamaldehyde appears to be a promising candidate as an adjuvant in combination therapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin (OXA), two chemotherapeutic agents used in CRC treatment. The possible mechanisms of its action may involve the regulation of drugmetabolizing genes. 6. Cinnamaldehyde plays a certain role in inhibiting the occurrence and progression of melanoma and its action mechanism may be manifested by inhibiting expression of VEGF and HIF-α, thus blood vessel simulation and formation of new blood vessels of melanoma cells, and growth of tumors accordingly.