APY0201 is a effective, highly specific, ATP-competitive PIKfyve inhibitor (IC50: 5.2 nM). It can interrupt the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) to PtdIns(3, 5)P2.

PF-4989216 is a potent and selective PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2 nM, 142 nM, 65 nM, 1 nM, and 110 nM for p110α, p110β, p110γ, p110δ, and VPS34, respectively.

Parsaclisib hydrochloride (INCB050465 HCl) is a selectve PI3Kδ inhibitor with antitumor activity. Parsaclisib demonstrates potent activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.2 to 2 nM.

CXJ-2, a cyclic peptide, demonstrates moderate affinity for elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) and exhibits potent inhibition of the PI3K/ERK pathway, alongside significant reduction in hepatic stellate cell proliferation and migration, conferring strong antifibrotic efficacy [1].

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.