Milk

Sodium caseinates are proteins found in milk that induce proliferation and activation of granulocytes, and can induce granulopoiesis in mice.Sodium caseinates are used as thickeners and emulsifiers and are commonly used in the food industry.

Human milk lysozyme, a pivotal defense agent in newborns' gastrointestinal protection against bacterial infections, is the specific lysozyme present in human milk [1].

1-Aminohydantoin hydrochloride is a significant metabolite of furantoin in animal tissues. It binds covalently to tissue proteins, is released under slightly acidic conditions, and can be detected by derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde forming a nitrophenyl derivative of AHD. It is used in assays to determine veterinary drug residues in meat and milk.

Methyl vanillate is Hovenia Dulcis Thunb extract and its ingredient methyl vanillate activate Wnt β-catenin pathway and increase bone mass in growing or ovariectomized mice. Methyl vanillate is considered to be a slightly soluble (in water) acidic compound. Methyl vanillate can be synthesized from vanillic acid. Methyl vanillate has been identified in foods such as cow's milk and beer.

Silymarin (Silybin B) (Silybin B) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that extracts from the milk thistle or seeds of Silybum marianum. It is used in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

1. Stearic acid (Cetylacetic acid) can reduce metastatic tumor burden. 2. Stearic acid leads to dramatically reduced visceral fat likely by causing the apoptosis of preadipocytes. 3. Stearic acid and its derivatives have been used as gelators in food and pharmaceutical gel formulations. 4. Stearic acid is a potent phosphatase 1B inhibitor, possibly causing an enhancement in the insulin receptor signaling to stimulate glucose uptake into adipocytes. 5. Stearic acid has the potential to increase dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk components, without affecting conversion of feed to milk, body condition score, or body weight.

2-Phenylglycine (DL-α-Phenylglycine) is a metabolite present in breast milk during lactation.

Xanthosine (9-Beta-D-Ribofuranosylxanthine) is a xanthine nucleoside that increases the number of mammary stem cells and milk production in goats and cattle.

H-Abu-OH (L-α-amino-n-Butyric acid) , also known as (S)-2-aminobutanoic acid, homoalanine, 2-AABA, ethylglycine, or L-butyrine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. H-Abu-OH is a non-proteogenic amino acid that can be found in the human kidney, in liver tissues, and in most biofluids or excreta (e.g. feces, breast milk, urine, and blood). Within the cell, H-Abu-OH is primarily located in the cytoplasm. H-Abu-OH is biosynthesized by transaminating oxobutyrate, a metabolite in isoleucine biosynthesis. As a non-proteogenic amino acid, H-Abu-OH can be used by nonribosomal peptide synthases.

Progesterone (Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is the major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production.

Pharmatose DCL 14 (D-Lactose monohydrate) is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Pharmatose DCL 14 is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It could regulate human's intestinal microflora.

Casein is a milk protein with multiple roles in a novel drug delivery system that affects postprandial amino acid delivery in different ways through its intragastric coagulation properties.

Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid), found naturally in coconuts and breast milk, is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and minimal solubility in water. It is commercially utilized in the production of esters for perfumery and in dye manufacturing.

Silibinin (Silybin) is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin and others. Silibinin itself is a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells.

Lactose is a disaccharide derived from galactose and glucose that is found in milk.

sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (Choline glycerophosphate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain and in milk. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor which may have a potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries due to its Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) status [1]. Studies have investigated its efficacy for cognitive disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An Italian multicentre clinical trial on 2, 044 patients suffering from recent stroke were supplied Glycerylphosphorylcholine in doses of 1, 000 mg day for 28 days and 400 mg three times per day for the five ensuing months. The trial confirmed the therapeutic role of alpha-GPC on the cognitive recovery of patients based on four measurement scales, three of which reached statistical significance [2].

α-Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Lactose is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation.

H-Ile-Pro-Pro-OH acetate is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE) of milk-derived tripeptides.

Romilkimab (SAR156597) is a chimeric humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody specifically designed to target interleukins 4 and 13 (IL-4 and IL-13) [1].

Sphingomyelins (SMs) are bioactive sphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes.1SMs make up 2-15% of the total organ phospholipid population but are found at higher concentrations in the brain and myelin sheaths surrounding peripheral nerves. They interact with cholesterol to control its distribution within cellular membranes and maintain cholesterol homeostasis in cells. SMs undergo hydrolysis by sphingomyelinase to form ceramides, which are sphingolipid mediators of intracellular signaling.2This product is a mixture of SMs, with variable fatty acyl chain lengths, isolated from buttermilk. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1329] 1.Slotte, J.P., and Ramstedt, B.The functional role of sphingomyelin in cell membranesEur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.109(10)977-981(2007) 2.Shayman, J.A.SphingolipidsKidney Int.58(1)11-26(2000)

Lactosylceramides (bovine buttermilk) (LacCer (bovine buttermilk)) are ceramides isolated from bovine buttermilk that inhibit cell proliferation and are used to study tumors and liver lesions.

Lalistat 2 is a selective inhibitor of lysosomal acid lipase with IC50 of 152 nM and exhibits no inhibition of human pancreatic lipase or bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (up to 10 μM).

Monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose III (MFLNH III) is a neutral human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).

Monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose I (MFLNH I) is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) [1].

H-Ile-Pro-Pro-OH hydrochloride, a tripeptide derived from milk [1], functions as an ACE inhibitor [1] with an IC 50 of 5 μM [2], and is recognized for its antihypertensive properties [1].

Lactodifucotetraose (Difucosyllactose), a tetrasaccharide extracted from human milk, consists of one D-glucose, one D-galactose, and two L-fucose molecules [1].

6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt (6'-N-Acetylneuraminyl-D-lactose sodium salt), an oligosaccharide present in breast milk, is protective against LPS-induced ALI and attenuates LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting the STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Diquat dibromide

3-Fucosyllactose (3-Fucosyl-D-lactose), a predominant fucosylated oligosaccharide in human breast milk, exhibits prebiotic, immunomodulating, neonatal brain development, and antimicrobial functions.

9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid that has been found in beef and milk fat.1It binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα; IC50= 140 nM) and activates the receptor in a reporter assay using COS-1 cells expressing mouse PPARα when used at a concentration of 100 μM.29(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits TNF-α-inducedGLUT4expression and increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.3Dietary administration of 9(Z)11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid reduces serum fasting glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels and decreases white adipose tissue macrophage infiltration inob/obmice. It also increases body weight gain and body fat in weanling mice.4[Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1278] 1.Shultz, T.D., Chew, B.P., Seaman, W.R., et al.Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and β-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cellsCancer Lett.63(2)125-133(1992) 2.Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Heuvel, J.P.V., Blanchard, S.G., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARαJ. Lipid Res.40(8)1426-1433(1999) 3.Moloney, F., Toomey, S., Noone, E., et al.Antidiabetic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissueDiabetes56(3)574-582(2007) 4.Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E.The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acidProg. Lipid Res.40(4)283-298(2001)

Octanoic Acid-d15 is a deuterated compound of Octanoic Acid. Octanoic Acid has a CAS number of 124-07-2. Caprylic acid is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk. It is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste that is minimally soluble in water. Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dye.

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose), a rare natural hexoketose and isomer of D-galactose, occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and is found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk, hot cocoa, and various cheeses, yogurts, and other dairy products. It can be synthesized from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium. D-Tagatose has numerous health benefits, including promotion of weight loss, no glycemic effect, anti-plaque, non-cariogenic, anti-halitosis, prebiotic, and anti-biofilm properties; it is beneficial for organ transplants, enhancement of flavor, improvement of pregnancy and fetal development, treatment of obesity, and reduction in symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia. (PMID: 17492284).

1-Myristoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features myristic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. This compound is prevalent in mature human milk, infant formula fats, and butterfat.

1,2-Dioleoyl-3-docosohexaenoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, consists of oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and docosahexaenoic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound has been identified in human breast milk.

Octanoic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of octanoic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Octanoic acid is a medium-chain saturated fatty acid. It has been found in Teleme cheeses made from goat, ovine, or bovine milk.1 Octanoic acid is active against the bacteria S. mutans, S. gordonii, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis (IC80s = <125, <125, 1,403, and 2,294 μM, respectively).2 Levels of octanoic acid are increased in the plasma of patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, an inborn error of fatty acid metabolism characterized by hypoketotic hypoglycemia, medium-chain dicarboxylic aciduria, and intolerance to fasting.3,4 |1. Mallatou, H., Pappa, E., and Massouras, T. Changes in free fatty acids during ripening of Teleme cheese made with ewes', goats', cows' or a mixture of ewes' and goats' milk. Int. Dairy J. 13(1-3), 211-219 (2003).|2. Hyang, C.B., Alimova, Y., Myers, T.M., et al. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids exhibit antimicrobial activity for oral microorganisms. Arch. Oral Biol. 56(7), 650-654 (2011).|3. Onkenhout, W., Venizelos, V., van der Poel, P.F.H., et al. Identification and quantification of intermediates of unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in plasma of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders. Clin. Chem. 41(10), 1467-1474 (1995).|4. Rinaldo, P., O'Shea, J.J., Coates, P.M., et al. Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Diagnosis by stable-isotope dilution measurement of urinary n-hexanoylglycine and 3-phenylpropionylglycine. N. Engl. J. Med. 319(20), 1308-1313 (1988).

13C C16 Sphingomyelin is an isotopically enriched form of C16 sphingomyelin with carbon-13 occurring on the fatty acid portion. It is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of C16 sphingomyelin by GC- or LC-MS. C16 Sphingomyelin is a form of sphingomyelin containing palmitate (16:0) at the variable acylation position. It is the most common form of sphingomyelin found in eggs and is less abundant in the brain and in milk. C16 Sphingomyelin interacts with cholesterol in ordered lipid domains (lipid rafts). Sphingomyelinases remove phosphorylcholine from C16 sphingomyelin to produce C16 ceramide. While ceramides commonly induce apoptosis, ceramides with different fatty acid chain lengths might direct distinct functions and, in some cases, reduce apoptosis.

5-hydroxy Flunixin is a metabolite of the COX inhibitor flunixin .1 1.Daeseleire, E., Mortier, L., De Ruyck, H., et al.Determination of flunixin and ketoprofen in milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryAnal. Chim. Acta488(1)25-34(2003)

α-Lactose (hydrate) (α-D-Lactose (hydrate)), the primary carbohydrate in mammalian milk, consists of two sugar units: glucose and galactose, and exists as two anomers, α and β. It serves various roles in the food and pharmaceutical industries, including as a free-flowing or agglomerating agent, and a diluent for pigments, flavors, or enzymes [1] [2] [3].

1-Amino Hydantoin-13C3 is the 13C and deuterated compound of 1-Amino Hydantoin. 1-Amino Hydantoin has a CAS number of 6301-02-6. 1-Aminohydantoin is a major metabolite of furantoin in animal tissues. 1-Aminohydantoin is covalently bound to tissue proteins, released from tissues under slightly acidic conditions, and can be detected by derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde to form a nitrophenyl derivative of AHD. 1-Aminohydantoin can be used as an assay for the determination of veterinary drug residues in meat and milk.

Disialyllacto-N-tetraose, a human milk oligosaccharide, has been shown to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats [1].

1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol comprising oleic acid [at the sn-1 position], palmitic acid [at the sn-2 position], and linoleic acid [at the sn-3 position], identified in bovine milk fat.

1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, comprises palmitic acid (at the sn-1 position), linoleic acid (at the sn-2 position), and stearic acid (at the sn-3 position). This compound is present in mature human milk and various plant oils.

11-Hexadecenoic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, comprises both 11-cis-hexadecenoic acid and 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid. These isoforms are present in ewe milk fat and their concentrations increase when the diet is supplemented with lipids from linseed, sunflower, olive, or fish oils. Additionally, 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid is found in intramuscular fat of both male and female foals. The product is a blend of the 11-cis and 11-trans forms. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1208]

Peptide B, Bovine, an immunoregulatory peptide derived from αs1-casein B-8P (f1-13) in bovine milk, is predominantly generated during maturation and exhibits antihypertensive effects [1] [2].

Lacto-N-fucopentaose V (LNFP V), a novel pentasaccharide, is an oligosaccharide identified in human milk and various biofluids [1].

Lacto-N-triose II, a core structural unit of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), possesses nutraceutical potentials and is utilized in the synthesis of complex HMOs [1].

Blood group A antigen tetraose type 5 (A-Tetrasaccharide), a tetrasaccharide specific to blood group A, inhibits the binding of anti-A antibody to blood group A substance and can be isolated from polar bear milk samples [1] [2].

8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid, an ω-8 C20:2 fatty acid, constitutes 0.19% of total fatty acids in human milk. In vivo, it is converted by desaturases into eicosatrienoic acids, known for their potent vasodilator properties. However, the physiological effects of 8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid remain unexplored.

Rennin (Chymosin) is a proteolytic enzyme related to pepsin, produced in the stomachs of certain animals, that effectively coagulates liquid milk into a semi-solid form, prolonging its retention in the stomach. It specifically targets K-casein, cleaving the peptide bond between the amino acid residues phenylalanine and methionine (105 and 106), and plays a crucial role in cheese production [1].