a2-32-01

(3R,4R)-A2-32-01 (compound 2) is a potent inhibitor of caseinolytic protein proteases (ClpP) with an EC50 value of 4.5 μM.

(3S,4S)-A2-32-01, a less active (S,S)-enantiomer of A2-32-01. A2-32-01 is a potent caseinolytic protein proteases (ClpP) inhibitor .

COX-2-IN-32 (Compound 2f) is a dual inhibitor of iNOS and COX-2 that downregulates NF-κB expression and demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by impeding NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 11.2 μM [1].

SARS-CoV-2-IN-32 is a COVID-19 inhibitor. SARS-CoV-2-IN-32 exhibits good binding affinity (-8.8 Kcal/mole) for the COVID-19 major protease (Mpro) (PDB ID: 6LU7) and has anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. IN-32 can be used to study cancer and COVID-19.

VEGFR-2-IN-32 (Comp 3a) is an inhibitor of VEGFR-2 with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 8.93 nM, exhibiting cytotoxic activity towards PC-3 cells with an IC50 of 1.22 μM, indicating its potential in anti-prostate cancer research [1].

EOS is a ceramide found in the outer layer of the epidermis in mammals. It is comprised of an ω-hydroxy very long-chain ceramide (C28-36) esterified to the essential fatty acid linoleic acid . The consecutive regio- and stereospecific oxygenation of the linoleate portion of EOS by 12(R)-lipoxygenase (12(R)-LO) and eLOX3 is essential for the maintenance of the epidermal barrier to prevent water loss. Following oxygenation, the oxidized linoleate is hydrolyzed, leaving the ω-hydroxy end of the very long-chain fatty acid to covalently bind the protein layer, forming the corneocyte lipid envelope and sealing the gap between the extracellular lipid lamellae and the cornified cell envelope of the corneocyte.