nem-7

Cofilin 2 (muscle), also known as CFL2, is a member of cofilin family of the actin-binding protein superfamily. Cofilin2 shows significant homology to the other two members: cofilin 1 and DSTN, through its entire sequence, and contains residues conserved among the cofilin family that are responsible for actin-binding. Cofilin 2 (CFL2) is an important regulator of striated myocyte function. Purified cofilin 2 depolymerized actin filaments in a dose- and pH-dependent manner and reduced the apparent viscosity of an actin solution, although they did not co-sediment with actin filaments at all. Cofilin2 is not expressed in vegetative cells, but is transiently induced during the aggregation stage of development, whereas cofilin 1 was predominantly expressed in vegetative cells.

Mast Cell Protease 1 (MMCP-1), also known as MCP-1, MCPT-1 and β-chymase, is a member of the Chymase family of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. MCPT-1 is a 26 kDa β-chymase that is a component of mast cell granules. It is a 226 amino acid (aa) protein that has a conserved pattern of six cysteines and one potential glycosylation site. The granule-derived mouse mast cell proteases-1 and -2 (mMCP-1 and -2) colocalize in similar quantities in mucosal mast cells but micrograms of mMCP-1 compared with nanograms of mMCP-2 are detected in peripheral blood during intestinal nematode infection. mMCP-1 isolated from serum is complexed with serpins and both the accumulation and the longevity of mMCP-1 in the blood is due to complex formation, protecting it from a pathway that rapidly clears mMCP-2, which is unable to form complexes with serpins. The mucosal mast cell (MMC) granule-specific beta-chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1), is released systemically into the bloodstream early in nematode infection before parasite-specific IgE responses develop and TGF-beta1 induces the constitutive release of mMCP-1 by homologs of MMC in vitro. Expression of mMCP-1 is largely restricted to intraepithelial MMC and is thought to play a role in the regulation of epithelial permeability. Its activation is completed by the removal of a two residue N-terminal propeptide by a dipeptidyl peptidase (Cathepsin C). MCPT-1 is upregulated in the intestine in response to nematode infection, or systemic mucosa in response to anaphylaxis. Like human α-chymase, MCPT-1 is capable of the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which plays a key role in the regulation of arterial pressure. The intestinal inflammation associated with gastrointestinal helminths is partly mediated by mMCP-1.

Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle isoform, also known as Phosphorylase kinase subunit gamma-1 and PHKG1, is a member of the protein kinase superfamily and CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PHKG1 is the catalytic member of a 16 subunit protein kinase complex that contains equimolar ratios of 4 subunit types. The complex is a crucial glycogenolytic regulatory enzyme. Muscle glycogenosis caused by phosphorylase kinase (Phk) deficiency may lead to exercise intolerance, weakness and musculatur atrophy. The gene encoding the muscle isoform of the Phk gamma subunit (gamma M) is one of the candidate genes in which mutations responsible for this condition should be sought. Muscle-specific deficiency of Phk causes glycogen storage disease, clinically manifesting in exercise intolerance with early fatiguability, pain, cramps and occasionally myoglobinuria.

Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2, also known as GST class-mu 2, GSTM2-2, and GSTM2, is a cytoplasm protein that belongs to the GST superfamily and Mu family. GSTM2 / GST4 contains one GST C-terminal domain and one GST N-terminal domain. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a multigene family of enzymes largely involved in the detoxification of chemicals. Eight distinct classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian glutathione S-transferases have been identified: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta, and zeta. Butyrate, an important luminal component produced from the fermentation of dietary fibers, is an efficient inducer of GSTs and especially of GSTM2. Butyrate may act chemoprotective by increasing detoxification capabilities in the colon mucosa.