PTP1B, also known as PTPN1, belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphate monoesters specifically on tyrosine residues. Members of the PTP family share a highly conserved catalytic motif, which is essential for the catalytic activity. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. PTP1B contains 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain and is expressed in many tissues. PTP1B is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. PTP1B was also reported to dephosphorylate epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, as well as JAK2 and TYK2 kinases, which implicated the role of PTP1B in cell growth control, and cell response to IFN stimulation.

Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1C (PTP1C) belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.which is known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. PTP1C is highly expressed in leukocyte cell type. It contains two SH2 domains and one tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain. The SH2 regions may interact with other cellular components to modulate its own phosphatase activity against interacting substrates. In addition, PTP1C also modulates signaling by tyrosine phosphorylated cell surface receptors.