white cell

Hexokinase-3, also known as Hexokinase type III, HKIII, and HK3, is a protein that belongs to the hexokinase family. Hexokinase-3 / HK3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HK2 gene. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate, committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. In mammalian tissues, hexokinase exists as four isoenzymes encoded by distinct genes. These proteins are homologous and are organized in two homologous domains, except for hexokinase type IV which has only one. This organization is believed to be the result of a duplication and tandem fusion event involving the gene encoding for the ancestral hexokinase. The gene encodes hexokinase-3. Similar to hexokinases-1 and hexokinases-2, this allosteric enzyme is inhibited by its product glucose 6-phosphate.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a growth factor and an essential cytokine which belongs to the IL-6 superfamily. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. G-CSF binding to its receptor G-CSF-R which belongs to the cytokine receptor type I family depends on the interaction of alpha-helical motifs of the former and two fibronectin type III as well as an immunoglobulin-like domain of the latter. G-CSF is a cytokine that have been demonstrated to improve cardiac function and perfusion in myocardial infarction. And it was initially evaluated as a stem cell mobilizer and erythropoietin as a cytoprotective agent.

The Interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (IL-2 Rγ, CD132) of the high affinity functional mouse IL-2 receptor complex is a member the hematopoietin receptor family. It is expressed on most lymphocyte (white blood cell) populations, and its gene is found on the X-chromosome of mammals. Common IL2 receptor-γ Chain is required for IL-2 receptor signaling. Besides IL-2, the Common IL2 receptor-γ chain has been shown to be a component of the functional receptor complexes for IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-15. It is a component of multiple cytokine receptors that are essential for lymphocyte development and function. Common IL2 receptor-γ Chain is also designated the common gamma chain.

Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors (m-csf) are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and themonocytes-macrophages. CSF-1 promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. It also plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. CSF-1 is required for normal male and female fertility and promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. it also plays a role in lipoprotein clearance.

SUSD4, also known as sushi domain-containing protein 4, is a hypothetical cell surface protein whose tissue distribution and function are completely unknown. SUSD4 is detectable in murine brains, eyes, spinal cords, and testis but not other tissues. In brains, SUSD4 is highly expressed in the white matter on oligodendrocytes/axons, and in eyes, it is exclusively expressed on the photoreceptor outer segments. In in vitro complement assays, SUSD4 augments the alternative but not the classical pathway of complement activation at the C3 convertase step. SUSD4 deficiency may cause autism or Fryns syndrome, both of which are genetic diseases with severe abnormal neurological development and/or functions.

Hormone induced following exercise or cold exposure that promotes energy expenditure. Induced either in the skeletal muscle after exercise or in adipose tissue following cold exposure and is present in the circulation. Able to stimulate energy expenditure associated with the browning of the white fat depots and improves glucose tolerance. Does not promote an increase in a thermogenic gene program via direct action on adipocytes, but acts by stimulating several immune cell subtypes to enter the adipose tissue and activate their prothermogenic actions. Stimulates an eosinophil-dependent increase in IL4 expression and promotes alternative activation of adipose tissue macrophages, which are required for the increased expression of the thermogenic and anti-inflammatory gene programs in fat. Required for some cold-induced thermogenic responses, suggesting a role in metabolic adaptations to cold temperatures.

Golgi membrane protein 1, also known as Golgi membrane protein GP73, Golgi phosphoprotein 2, and GOLM1, is a protein that belongs to the GOLM1 / CASC4 family. GOLM1 is widely expressed. It is highly expressed in the colon, prostate, trachea, and stomach. It is expressed at a lower level in testis, muscle, lymphoid tissues, white blood cells, and spleen. It is predominantly expressed by cells of the epithelial lineage. GOLM1 is expressed at a low level in the normal liver. Expression significantly increases in virus (HBV, HCV) infected liver. Expression of GOLM1 does not increase in liver disease due to non-viral causes (alcohol-induced liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis). Increased expression in hepatocytes appears to be a general feature of advanced liver disease. In liver tissue from patients with adult giant-cell hepatitis (GCH), GOLM1 is strongly expressed in hepatocyte-derived syncytial giant cells. GOLM1 is constitutively expressed by biliary epithelial cells but not by hepatocytes.