e. coli

Enterotoxin STp (E. coli), a heat-stable enterotoxin, is applicable in vaccine research [1].

p5 Ligand for Dnak and DnaJ acetate is a nonapeptide. It is a high-affinity ligand for DnaK (E. coli Hsp70) and DnaJ (E. coli Hsp40).

CysHHC10 acetate shows antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC of 10.1, 20.2, 2.5, and 1.3 mM for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, respectively.

Apidaecin IB acetate is an insect antibacterial peptide. The minimum concentration of apidaecin IB acetate against Escherichia coli (E. coli ML35, o18k1h7 and ATCC 25922) is 8 μM.

PGLa acetate is a 21-residue member of the magainin family of antibiotic peptides.

α-(difluoromethyl)-DL-Arginine (RMI 71897) is an enzyma-activated, irreversible inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase for E. coli (Ki = 800 μM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. At 0.01 mM, it has been shown to prevent osmotic stress-induced increases in arginine decarboxylase activity and putrescine synthesis in oat leaf cells. When combined with a variety of polyamine analogues, α-(difluoromethyl)-DL-Arginine inhibited the growth of Trypanosoma Crui in mammalian host cells at a minimum concentration of 10 mM and prevented the growth of Trypanosoma Crui in T-cell receptor alpha-deficient mouse models.

Polymyxin B Sulfate (Poly-RX) is a mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B Sulfate (Poly-RX) is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Bombinin-BO1, an antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretions of the Bombina orientalis toad, exhibits activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 64, 64, and 128 mg/L, respectively [1].

SIGSLAK comprises the active site analogous to that of Escherichia coli (E. coli) penicillin-binding protein 1b (PBP 1b) [1].

Apidaecin IB is an insect antimicrobial peptide, with MIC values of 8 μM for E. coli (O18K1H7, ML35 and ATCC 25922).

Bovine Myeloid Antimicrobial Peptide (BMAP) 28, a synthetic peptide derived from bovine cathelicidin-5 (amino acids 132-158), exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, and the fungus C. albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2, 2, 4, 1, and 8 µM respectively. At a concentration of 200 nM, BMAP 28 permeabilizes the inner membrane of E. coli, and at 5 µM, it inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication in Vero 76 cells. Furthermore, at 30 µM, it causes hemolysis in human erythrocytes and cytotoxicity in human neutrophils. In vivo, a dose of 0.8 mg/kg enhances survival in mice infected with E. coli or MRSA, but not P. aeruginosa.

Glutathionylspermidine is a peptide and a metabolite of E. coli [1] .

LMW peptide, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including B. subtilis, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and V. cholera [1].

RP-1, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits activity against a range of pathogens, including S. aureus, S. typhimurium, E. coli, and C. albicans [1].

ROAD-1, a Rhesus Macaque oral mucosal α-defensin, exhibits antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans [1].

LCI peptide exhibits antimicrobial and antibacterial properties, effectively targeting plant pathogens such as Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas, as well as combating E. coli, Gentamicin-resistant MRSA, and Xoo [1].

Bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide, derived from the tracheal mucosa, exhibits antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli D31, K. pneumoniae 13883, S. aureus 25923, P. aeruginosa 27853, and C. albicans 14053, with respective minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 12-25 μg/ml for the first two pathogens, 25-50 μg/ml for the following two, and 6-12 μg/ml for the latter [1].

MDP1 acetate, a derivative of Melittin, compromises the membrane integrity of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria leading to bacterial death through membrane damage. It exhibits potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and reference strains of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa [1].

Feglymycin is a 13-amino acid peptide originally isolated from Streptomyces that has antibacterial and antiviral activities. It is active against Gram-positive bacteria (MICs = 32-64 μg/ml) and inhibits HIV viral replication in H9 cells (IC50 = ~5 μM). Feglymycin is also active against clinical isolates of HIV-1 from clades A-D, A/E, and G (EC50s = 0.5-6.7 μM). It interacts with gp120 and inhibits HIV-1 NL4.3 binding to human soluble CD4 (EC50 = 4.4 μM) and to CD4+ SupT1 T cells by 74.5% when used at a concentration of 10.5 μM. Feglymycin inhibits the E. coli peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes MurA and MurC (Kis = 3.4 and 0.3 μM, respectively) in a noncompetitive manner.

L-Cycloserine ((-)-Cycloserine) irreversibly inhibits GABA pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase in E. coli, as well in the brains of various animals, results in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in vivo.

PP113 is an antimicrobial peptide with activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 73.3 µM for E. coli, 23.3 µM for B. subtilis, 13 µM for S. aureus, 16.7 µM for S. lutea, and 23.3 µM for B. pumilus [1].

GLK-19, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits activity against E. coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 μM [1].

Cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2) (128-153) is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide derived from amino acids 128-153 of chicken CATH-2, demonstrating activity against pathogens such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and B. globigii in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 40 µM, it induces hemolysis in chicken erythrocytes without exhibiting cytotoxicity towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, it stimulates the production of the chemokine CCL2 and suppresses LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in human PBMCs.

BING, a antimicrobial peptide discovered in Japanese medaka fish (O. laptipes), originates from vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D-like (Vps13D). It exhibits efficacy against a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, notably including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; MICs = 4-64 µg/ml). Furthermore, BING enhances the effectiveness of antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, and novobiocin against P. aeruginosa, and it prevents resistance development to kanamycin and ampicillin in E. coli. Notably, its administration in vivo significantly improves survival rates in O. laptipes challenged with E. tarda.

OP-145, a derivative of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide showing activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. niger, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2, 3, 6, and 18 µM, respectively. Utilizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with OP-145 effectively prevents biofilm formation in a mouse model of bone infection, which is initiated by surgical femoral fracture and subsequent bacterial inoculation at the fracture site.

Programmed cell death in bacteria is dependent on a system of cell-to-cell communication termed quorum sensing. Extracellular death factor (EDF) is a linear pentapeptide that communicating cells produce and release, which upon reaching a sufficient concentration activates the cell death pathway in a subset of cells. It is sensitive to extreme pH, high temperatures, and other stressful conditions. At 2.5 ng/ml, EDF has been shown to facilitate mazEF-mediated cell death, significantly reducing population size in E. coli cultures.

β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It inhibits the growth of the periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. casei (MICs = 12.5-100 mg/l). It also inhibits the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. β-Defensin-3 stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes when used at a concentration of 30 μg/ml. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 5, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-3 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose.

Aurein 2.3, an antibiotic antimicrobial peptide, partially inhibits E. coli ATPase activity and suppresses cell growth [1] [2].

Im5, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10 μM for E. coli, 2.5-5 μM for S. aureus, and 0.5-1 μM for B. subtilis, as well as hemolytic activity with an effective concentration (EC50) of 28 μM [1].

Distinctin, an antimicrobial peptide derived from frog skin, exhibits antibacterial activity against a range of pathogens including E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 14.5, 28.0, 28.0, and 14.5 μM, respectively [1].

RW3, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits activity against E. coli and S. aureus with IC50 values of 16 µM and 8 µM, respectively. Additionally, it induces hemolysis in isolated ovine erythrocytes.

CysHHC10 TFA, a synthetic antimicrobial peptide (AMP), demonstrates potent effectiveness against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Specifically, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for CysHHC10 TFA are determined to be 10.1 mM against E. coli, 20.2 mM against P. aeruginosa, 2.5 mM against S. aureus, and 1.3 mM against S. epidermidis, highlighting its potential as a versatile antimicrobial agent [1].

MDP1, derived from Melittin, disrupts the membrane integrity of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to bacterial death through membrane damage. This compound exhibits potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and reference strains of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa [1].

Compound 9C [c[Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Nal-Nal-Nal]] demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It exhibits minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.1 μg/mL for MRSA (ATCC BAA-1556), 3.1 μg/mL for S. aureus (ATCC 29213), 12.5 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27883), and 25 μg/mL for E. coli (ATCC 25922) [1].

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide is an analog of the N-terminal part of lipoprotein from the outer membrane of E. coli.

Ranalexin, an antimicrobial peptide, demonstrates inhibition of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, with respective minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4, 32, and 128 μg/mL [1].

Peptide 5e, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits inhibitory activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans with respective minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 30, 5, and 25 μg/mL [1].

Peptide 5g, an antimicrobial peptide, inhibits E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 30, 10, and 12.5 μg/mL, respectively [1].

Maximin 68, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antibacterial activity against C. albicans, S. aureus, E. coli, and B. subtilis, with MIC values of 18.8, 9.4, 37.5, and 9.4 μg/mL, respectively. It also possesses hemolytic activities against human and rabbit red blood cells [1].

RW2, an antimicrobial peptide, demonstrates activity against E. coli and S. aureus, with IC50 values of 730 µM and 210 µM, respectively. Additionally, it induces hemolysis in isolated ovine erythrocytes.

RW4, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits activity against E. coli and S. aureus, with IC50 values of 9.6 and 5.1 µM, respectively. Additionally, it induces hemolysis of isolated ovine erythrocytes.

LfcinB 17–28 TFA, a fragment of Bovine Lactoferricin (LfcinB), exhibits weak antimicrobial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 200 μM against E. coli [1].

PP13 is an antimicrobial peptide with efficacy against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, displaying minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 16.7 µM for E. coli, 13.3 µM for B. subtilis, 23.3 µM for S. aureus, 8.0 µM for S. lutea, and 9.0 µM for B. pumilus [1].

Maximin 45, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and B. subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 4.7, 9.4, and 75 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, it possesses hemolytic activity against human and rabbit red blood cells [1].

Pap12-6, an antibacterial peptide originating from the first twelve N-terminal amino acids of papiliocin found in P. xuthus larvae, exhibits activity against a range of eight Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. syphimurium with MIC50s=4-8 µM) and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus 3126, B. subtilis, and S. epidermidis with MIC50s=4-8 µM), without compromising the viability of human erythrocytes, mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages, human HaCaT keratinocytes, or human HEK293 kidney cells at 25 µM. It causes membrane depolarization in E. coli at 4 and 8 µM and, upon preincubation at 10 µM, decreases nitrite (NO2-), Tnf-α, and Il-6 secretion in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In a murine model, Pap12-6 enhances survival rates and diminishes colony forming units (CFUs) in several organs upon E. coli infection at 10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg doses, respectively. Additionally, at a 1 mg/kg dose, it lowers serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, as well as blood urea nitrogen levels in E. coli-induced sepsis, indicating its therapeutic potential for bacterial infections without affecting host cell viability.

LA-Bac8c, a lipoic acid-modified antimicrobial peptide, exhibits improved antimicrobial efficacy. It effectively inhibits S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, demonstrating minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1, 4, 8, 8, and 8 μg/mL, respectively [1].

Compound 8C (c[Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Dip-Dip-Dip]) demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, it exhibits minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.1 μg/mL for MRSA (ATCC BAA-1556), 3.1 μg/mL for S. aureus (ATCC 29213), 12.5 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27883), and 12.5 μg/mL for E. coli (ATCC 25922) [1].

O-Succinylhomoserine (O-Succinyl-L-homoserine) is an intermediate in the synthesis of cystathionine by E coli..

Tripalmitoyl pentapeptide is a Mitogen from E Coli lipoprotein. It also is a potent macrophage B lymphocyte activator.