dl-a-lipoic acid sodium

Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium Valproate) is the sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproic acid sodium salt is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, Valproic acid sodium salt increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproic acid sodium salt may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect.

Usnic Acid sodium is a natual product.

Deoxycholic acid sodium salt (Sodium deoxycholate) can activate the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.

Lipoic acid (R-(+)-Thioctic acid) is an organosulfur compound derived from octanoic acid. It is made in animals normally, and is essential for aerobic metabolism.

DL-Malic acid (Hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid found in fruits such as apples and pears. It plays a role in many sour or acidic foods.

Isethionic acid sodium salt (Sodium isethionate) is an organosulfur compound containing a short chain alkane sulfonate linked to a hydroxyl group. Mammals are able to endogenously synthesize Isethionic acid sodium salt via taurine through a possible enzymatic deamination process. Isethionic acid sodium salt can be found in both human plasma and urine. Higher plasma levels of Isethionic acid sodium salt have been shown to be protective against type 2 diabetes.

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity.

Phytic acid sodium salt (Sodium phytate hydrate) is known to function as a [PO4]3- storage depot and a precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. It is a potent chelator of divalent and trivalent cations in vitro.

Cyclamic acid sodium (Cyclohexylsulfamicacidsodium) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and one of the most widely used artificial sweeteners in food and pharmaceuticals.Cyclamic acid sodium shows moderate anticonvulsant activity in a maximal electroshock convulsive seizure model.Cyclamic acid sodium is used in cancer research.

Dehydroacetic acid sodium (Sodium dehydroacetate) is the sodium salt of dehydroacetic acid, a bactericide and fungicide that is commonly used as a food preservative. Dehydroacetic acid sodium is a preservative that is used in the formulation of personal care products and cosmetics in order to extend the shelf-life by preventing microbial contamination.

D-Glucuronic acid sodium salt monohydrate (Sodium D-glucuronate) is a carboxylic acid and highly soluble in water. In humans, glucuronic acid is often linked to toxic or poisonous substances to allow for subsequent elimination, and to hormones to allow for easier transport.

Sodium Glucuronic Acid (4-FLUOROCINNAMONITRILE) is used in the treatment of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.

DL-Indole-3-lactic acid is a reactant for the preparation of antibacterial agents.

DL-2-AMINOOCTANOIC ACID, also known as α-aminooctanoic acid or α-aminooctanoic acid, can be used as a modifier to modify Na-MMT clay.

3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid is a minor metabolite of norepinephrine in humans. Patients with neuroblastoma experience elevated levels of 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid.

Sapienic acid sodium is a fatty acid commonly. It has variable antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria found on the skin and in the oral cavity.

Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium Ursodeoxycholate) is a naturally occurring secondary bile acid with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors,

1-Oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid sodium (1-Oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt) salt is an Endogenous agonist of LPA1 and LPA2

Hyaluronic acid sodium (Sodium Hyaluronate) is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans in that it is nonsulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi, and can be very large, with its molecular weight often reaching the millions. One of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and may also be involved in the progression of some malignant tumors.

D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium (Sodium D-lactate) is an organic acid. It is a chiral molecule, consisting of two optical isomers, L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, with the L-isomer being the most common in living organisms. D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium also is a microbial metabolite.

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sodium taurocholate hydrate) is the product of conjugation of taurine with cholic acid. The sodium salt, the main ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals, is used as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

Ferulic acid sodium (Sodium ferulic), the sodium salt of ferulic acid, is a drug used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and to prevent thrombosis.

Fusidic acid sodium salt (SQ-16360) is a sodium salt form of fusidic acid, a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum and used as a topical medication to treat skin infections.

UDP-Glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position. LPA binds to one of five different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to mediate a variety of biological responses including cell proliferation, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, neurite retraction, and cell motility. In addition to playing a role in the aforementioned biological responses, 1-palmitoyl LPA enhances the action of β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime) on various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen associated with pulmonary disease and pneumonia, via binding both Ca2+ and Mg2+.

9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid that has been found in beef and milk fat.1It binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα; IC50= 140 nM) and activates the receptor in a reporter assay using COS-1 cells expressing mouse PPARα when used at a concentration of 100 μM.29(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits TNF-α-inducedGLUT4expression and increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.3Dietary administration of 9(Z)11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid reduces serum fasting glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels and decreases white adipose tissue macrophage infiltration inob/obmice. It also increases body weight gain and body fat in weanling mice.4[Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1278] 1.Shultz, T.D., Chew, B.P., Seaman, W.R., et al.Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and β-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cellsCancer Lett.63(2)125-133(1992) 2.Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Heuvel, J.P.V., Blanchard, S.G., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARαJ. Lipid Res.40(8)1426-1433(1999) 3.Moloney, F., Toomey, S., Noone, E., et al.Antidiabetic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissueDiabetes56(3)574-582(2007) 4.Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E.The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acidProg. Lipid Res.40(4)283-298(2001)

Taurocholic acid 3-sulfate (TCA3S) is a metabolite of the conjugated bile acid taurocholic acid .1Plasma levels of TCA3S are elevated in wild-type andSortilin 1(Sort1) knockout mice at 6 hours following bile duct ligation (BDL) and are further elevated inSort1knockout mice at 24 hours post-BDL.2 1.Lefebvre, P., Cariou, B., Lien, F., et al.Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulationPhysiol. Rev.89(1)147-191(2009) 2.Li, J., Woolbright, B.L., Zhao, W., et al.Sortilin 1 loss-of-function protects against cholestatic liver injury by attenuating hepatic bile acid accumulation in bile duct ligated miceToxicol. Sci.161(1)34-47(2018)

(+)-Biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid is a substrate of biotinidase, which cleaves biotin amide to give biotin in vivo. Biotin is an essential coenzyme for certain carboxylases and is used to modify histones and regulate gene transcription. Biotinidase has key roles in intestinal absorption of biotin, the transport of biotin in plasma, and in the regulation of histone biotinylation. (+)-Biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid is hydrolyzed by biotinidase to release 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which can be quantified by either fluorescent or colorimetric methods. This approach is used in biotinidase activity assays in newborn screening protocols to evaluate biotinidase deficiency.

Taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate (TLCA3S) is a metabolite of the conjugated bile acid taurolithocholic acid . TLCA3S has been used to study bile acid transport in cellular models and to induce pancreatitis in mouse models of bile acid infusion pancreatitis.

α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid found in leafy green vegetables. ALA, as part of a low saturated fat diet, helps prevent cardiovascular disease. ALA decreases blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels, and platelet aggregation.

Tauro-β-muricholic Acid sodium is a endogenous metabolite, is a competitive and reversible antagonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)(IC50 of 40 μM).

DL-threo-2-methylisocitrate is a substrate of isocitrate lyase 1 (ICL1). Using Michaelis-Menten nonlinear least squares fitting, kcat value was 5.24 s-1, the Km of the purified recombinant ICL1 of threonine-D(s)L(s)-isocitrate (ICA) was 188 μM. The Km of

Oleoyl-L-alpha-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt is an essential cell membrane biosynthetic metabolite that mediates signal transduction by interacting with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (ie, LPA receptors). It is the receptor of LPA1 and LPA2. endogenous agonist.

1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of the color additive pyranine.1It has been used to stabilize intermolecular interactions for the crystallization ofL. mexicanapyruvate kinase.2 1.Jitian, S., White, S.R., Yang, H.-H.W., et al.Conventional high-performance liquid chromatography versus derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of 1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt and 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt in the color additive D&C Green No. 8 (Pyranine)J. Chromatogr. A1324238-241(2014) 2.Morgan, H.P., McNae, I.W., Hsin, K.-Y., et al.An improved strategy for the crystallization of Leishmania mexicana pyruvate kinaseActa Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun.66(Pt 3)215-218(2010)

3-Indoleacetic acid sodium (Heteroauxin sodium salt) is a naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. It can stimulate cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development. However, at high concentrations, it exhibits growth inhibiting effects, including epinasty and prevention of shoot and root growth. This latter effect formed the basis for which synthetic auxins were developed as herbicides and bioregulators in agriculture.

Taurohyocholic acid (THCA) is a taurine-conjugated form of the porcine-specific primary bile acid hyocholic acid .1THCA inhibits precipitation of cholesterol crystals by stabilizing cholesterol in the liquid-crystalline phase.2It prevents cholestasis and cellular necrosis induced by taurolithocholic acid in isolated rat livers.3THCA levels are increased in the urine of patients with hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis.4

Myristoyl glutamic acid sodium, a surfactant linked to (amino acid), is frequently utilized in cosmetics/creams. This compound exhibits mild cleansing effects, generates foam, and possesses somewhat bacteriostatic properties [1].

Tauro-α-muricholic acid (TαMCA) is an antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR; IC50 = 28 μM) and a taurine-conjugated form of the murine-specific primary bile acid α-muricholic acid . TαMCA is common in rodents but has also been found in small amounts in human serum.

Chenodeoxycholic Acid sodium salt (CDCA sodium salt) is a bile acid in humans that activates the nuclear receptor FXR, rescues axonal degeneration of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons in patients with spastic paraplegia type 5 and cerebral xanthomatosis, and can be used to study pancreatic necrosis.

α-Lipoic Acid (Thioctic acid) sodium, an essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzyme complexes, serves as an antioxidant. It suppresses NF-κB-dependent activation of HIV-1 LTR [1] [2] [3] and triggers ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells [4]. Additionally, when combined with CPUL1 to form the self-assembled nanoaggregate CPUL1-LA NA, α-Lipoic Acid sodium enhances antitumor efficacy compared to CPUL1 alone [5].

Tauro-obeticholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist and semisynthetic derivative of chenodeoxycholic acid, is an active metabolite of obeticholic acid. This compound undergoes taurine conjugation in the liver to form from obeticholic acid and can be reconverted to its original form by intestinal microflora.

3-Aminoisobutyric acid, a non-protein amino acid resultant from thymine catabolism, plays a significant role in metabolic activities. At a 5 µM concentration, it triggers browning in primary adipocytes, notably elevating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and CIDEA expression. Additionally, it boosts PPARα expression in both primary adipocytes and mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) in vivo, alongside enhancing β-oxidation in hepatocytes. Its plasma levels surge post-exercise in mice, and its administration at 100 mg/kg daily curtails weight gain and body fat without diminishing food consumption or hiking energy output, whilst ameliorating glucose tolerance. Notably, 3-aminoisobutyric acid concentrations are heightened in individuals with β-ureidopropionase deficiency, a genetic flaw impairing pyrimidine degradation, affecting plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is a bile salt formed in the liver from deoxycholic acid and glycine that induces apoptosis in hepatocytes. It acts as a detergent, dissolves fats for absorption, and is itself absorbed.

L-Tartaric acid (L-(+)-Tartaric acid) sodium hydrate, an enantiomer of D-tartaric acid, is a white crystalline dicarboxylic acid prevalent in plants like grapes and a primary organic acid in wine. This compound, functioning as a flour bulking agent and food additive, interacts with sodium bicarbonate to generate carbon dioxide [1].

DL-Glutamic acid, the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, serves as a crucial metabolite. In comparison to the α and β polymorphs of L-Glutamic acid's second phase, DL-Glutamic acid exhibits enhanced stability[1].

Lovastatin Sodium is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.

α-Lipoic Acid (DL-α-Lipoic acid) an octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) sodium, an orally active omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 LC-PUFA), demonstrates a unique ability to demethylate DNA, thereby facilitating the re-expression of the tumor suppressor gene CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ). This compound also activates the RAS/ERK/C/EBPβ pathway by demethylating H-Ras intron 1 CpG island in U937 leukemia cells and promotes the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation.

5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid sodium salt is a NMDA receptor antagonist.

Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid-d4 Sodium Salt is a deuterated compound of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt has a CAS number of 14605-22-2. Tauroursodeoxycholate, also known as ursodoxicoltaurine, is a highly hydrophilic tertiary bile acid that is produced in humans at a low concentration. Tauroursodeoxycholate is the more hydrophilic form of ursodeoxycholic acid, which is the more abundant naturally produced bile acid in humans.Tauroursodeoxycholate is being investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.