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IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride is an inhibitor of the interaction between IFN-α and IFNAR. IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 hydrochloride inhibits MVA-induced IFN-α responses by BM-pDCs with IC50 of 2-8 μM.

Anti-Mouse IFN Gamma Antibody is a host Armenian Hamster-derived anti-mouse IFN gamma immunoglobulin G (IgG) inhibitor.

StA-IFN-1 is an inhibitor of the interferon (IFN) induction pathway with an IC50 value of 4.1 μM in a GFP reporter assay for IFN induction similar to TPCA-1 , which specifically inhibits the IKKβ component of the IFN induction pathway. It does not show inhibitory activity in a GFP reporter assay for IFN signaling in which ruxolitinib , which is specific for the IFN signaling component JAK1, is active. StA-IFN-1 reduces the levels of IFN-β, but not ISG MxA, mRNA, suggesting that it is selective for the IFN induction pathway and not the IFN signaling pathway.

IFN-γ Antagonist 1 (AYCRDGKIGPPKLDIRKEEKQI), an interferon γ (IFN γ) antagonist, effectively inhibits IFN-γ induced HLR/DR antigen expression in Colon 205 cells, demonstrating an IC50 of approximately 35 μM. This compound shows promise for applications in immune regulation [1].

IFN-γ Antagonist 1 (AYCRDGKIGPPKLDIRKEEKQI) acetate, an interferon γ (IFN γ) antagonist, effectively inhibits the expression of HLR/DR antigen in Colon 205 cells induced by IFN-γ, with an inhibition concentration (IC 50) of approximately 35 μM. This compound holds promise for applications in immune regulation [1].

IFN-α Receptor Recognition Peptide 1, associated with receptor interactions, is a peptide of IFN-α.

IFN alpha-IFNAR-IN-1 is a nonpeptidic, low-molecular-weight inhibitor of the interaction between IFN-α and IFNAR. It inhibits MVA-induced IFN-α responses by BM-pDCs (IC50: 2-8 μM).

TNF/IFNγ-IN-1 (TGA) is a dual inhibitor of TNF and IFN-γ. TNF/IFNγ-IN-1 has potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer.

Albinterferon alfa-2B (alb-IFN), a recombinant protein, comprises interferon alfa-2b conjugated to human albumin and is utilized in the study of chronic hepatitis C [1].

Rontalizumab, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, targets IFN-α and is utilized in research on systemic lupus erythematosus[1].

Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agent, a murine STING agonist, and an inducer of cytokines such as type I IFN. Vadimezan has antitumor activity and induces a rapid cessation of blood flow in tumors without affecting blood flow in normal tissues.

PD-1/PD-L1-IN-10 is an orally active PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor (IC50 of 2.7 nM) with potent anticancer efficacy.

Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) inhibits IL-12/23 and type I IFN pathways[1][2]. BMS-986165 is a highly selective, orally bioavailable allosteric TYK2 inhibitor for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Which selectively binds to TYK2 pseudokinase (JH2) domain (IC50=1.0 nM) and blocks receptor-mediated Tyk2 activation by stabilizing the regulatory JH2 domain.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity and is catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. 2',3'-cGAMP sodium binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

(R)-Lisofylline ((R)-Lisophylline) is an inhibitor of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (IC50 = 0.6 µM). (R)-Lisofylline interrupts IL-12 signaling-mediated STAT4 activation and can be used in studies about the treatment of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disorders.

3-Hydroxykynurenamine, also known as 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenamine or 3-HKA, is a biogenic amine produced via an alternative pathway of tryptophan metabolism. In vitro, 3-HKA has an anti-inflammatory profile by inhibiting the IFN-γ mediated STAT1/NF-κΒ pathway in both mouse and human dendritic cells (DCs) with a consequent decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, most notably TNF, IL-6, and IL12p70. 3-HKA has protective effects in an experimental mouse model of psoriasis by decreasing skin thickness, erythema, scaling and fissuring, reducing TNF, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 production, and inhibiting generation of effector CD8+ T cells. Similarly, in a mouse model of nephrotoxic nephritis, besides reducing inflammatory cytokines, 3-HKA improves proteinuria and serum urea nitrogen, overall ameliorating immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and renal dysfunction.This compound is unstable in powder form and other related salt forms are recommended.

Anti-Mouse IFNAR1 Antibody (MAR1-5A3) is an IFNAR1-neutralising antibody that binds to IFNAR1 and blocks signalling, and can be used for protein blotting, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and ELISA.

AX-024 hydrochloride (AX-024 HCl) is an cytokine release inhibitor which can strongly inhibit the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-10 and IL-17A.

RO8191 (CDM-3008) (CDM-3008) is an agonist of interferon (IFN) receptor.

GW9508(GW 9508) is a potent and selective agonist for FFA1 (GPR40), stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-sensitive manner.

Ethyl Caffeate (ETHYL 3,4-DIHYDROXYCINNAMATE) suppressed the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th1 in vitro. Furthermore, Ethyl Caffeate intensely blocked the transcriptional expression in interferon-γ-related signaling, including IFN-γ, T-bet, STAT1, and STAT4.

2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity and is catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. 2',3'-cGAMP binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Ginsenoside-F3 has immunoenhancing activity by regulating production and gene expression of type 1, type 2 cytokines in murine spleen cells. Ginsenoside-F3 enhances the NF-kappaB DNA binding activity induced by ConA in murine spleen cells (10 μM).

2-NP is a STAT1 enhancer.

STING agonist-23 (CF502) is a non-nucleotide, small-molecule stimulator of the STING pathway. Upon activation, it enhances the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3, leading to elevated levels of IFN-β, IL-6, CXCL-10, TNF-α, ISG-15, and CCL-5 in tumor cells. Moreover, STING agonist-23 demonstrates efficacy against SARS-CoV series strains [1].

STING agonist-23 (CF505) is a non-nucleotide, small-molecule compound that stimulates STING, enhancing the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3. It elevates the production of IFN-β, IL-6, CXCL-10, TNF-α, ISG-15, and CCL-5 in tumor cells and demonstrates efficacy against SARS-CoV strains [1].

Fontolizumab (HuZAF) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IFN-gamma, functioning as an immunosuppressive agent. It is utilized in the study of Crohn’s disease [1].

Interferon receptor inducer-1 Used in the treatment of a disorder in which the induction of interferon is involved. is an interferon (IFN) receptor inducer.

AJ2-71 is a SLC15A4 inhibitor that suppresses IFN-α production and obstructs SLC15A4-mediated MDP transport, making it suitable for research of inflammation [1].

ODN D-SL03, a class C CpG oligonucleotide, effectively stimulates peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce high levels of IFN-α. It activates human B cells, NK cells, and mononuclear cells, elevating the expression of CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR on PBMC subsets' surface. Additionally, ODN D-SL03 impedes tumor growth. Its sequence: 5'-tcgcgaacgttcgccgcgttcgaacgcgg-3' [1].

2'2'-cGAMP is a synthetic dinucleotide (CDN) that contains non-canonical 2'5'-phosphodiester bonds. It binds to the adapter protein stimulator of interferon genes , which is a component of the innate immune response that activates the type I interferon pathway when bound to cyclic dinucleotides. 2'2-cGAMP shows weaker binding to STING than 2'3'-cGAMP but binds more strongly than 3'3'-cGAMP , cyclic di-GMP , or 3'2'-cGAMP, which bind in the micromolar range (Kds = 1.04, 1.21, or 1.61 μM, respectively). Despite weaker binding, 2'2'-cGAMP induces IFN-β production in the same concentration range as 2'3'-cGAMP (EC50s = 15.8 and 19.4 nM, respectively, in L929 cells).

5-epi-Arvestonate A, a sesquiterpenoid extracted from Seriphidium transiliense whole plants, enhances melanogenic production by stimulating MITF and tyrosinase family gene transcription. Additionally, it suppresses IFN-γ-chemokine expression via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in HaCaT cells [1].

STING agonist-23 (CF508), a non-nucleotide small-molecule STING agonist, activates STING, thereby enhancing the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3. This activation elevates the production of IFN-β, IL-6, CXCL-10, TNF-α, ISG-15, and CCL-5 in tumor cells. Moreover, STING agonist-23 demonstrates efficacy against SARS-CoV series strains [1].

STING agonist-23 (CF510) is a non-nucleotide, small-molecule activator of the STING pathway. It initiates the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3, enhancing the production of IFN-β, IL-6, CXCL-10, TNF-α, ISG-15, and CCL-5 in tumor cells. Notably, it demonstrates activity against SARS-CoV series strains [1].

Dimethyl biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate (Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate) is a planar biphenyldicarboxylic acid ester used as a hepatoprotectant in the treatment of chronic hepatitis.

CFP10 (71–85) is an immunologically active peptide that induces IFN-γ production and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from individuals with diverse MHC class II and I expression profiles.

Bifarcept, a recombinant antibody targeting the interferon receptor type I (IFN-RI), enhances the serum half-life of IFN-β by facilitating its binding.

MBP (83-99) is an immunodominant epitope recognized by MBP-specific T cell lines, which stimulates both cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in T cells [1] [2].

STING agonist-24 (CF504), a non-nucleotide small-molecule STING agonist, activates STING, leading to increased phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3. It elevates levels of IFN-β, IL-6, CXCL-10, TNF-α, ISG-15, and CCL-5 in tumor cells, demonstrating activity against SARS-CoV series strains [1].

Isotaxiresinol prevents d-GalN/LPS-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis through the blocking of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production by activated macrophages and direct inhibition of the apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha. Isotaxiresinol ma

Ganglioside GM1 asialo is a component of cellular lipid rafts and can be formed by the cleavage of the sialic acid residue from ganglioside GM1 by neuraminidase. Ganglioside GM1 asialo is a glycolipid receptor for P. aeruginosa flagellin and stimulates defensive responses in host cells, including extracellular ATP release, calcium mobilization, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation when stimulated by flagellin and an anti-ganglioside GM1 asialo antibody. The percentage of ganglioside GM1 asialo-positive natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells in lung is increased in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection compared with healthy animals. Depletion of ganglioside GM1 asialo-positive NK and T cells reduces IFN-γ levels in the lung, reduces weight loss, and increases lung viral load in RSV-infected mice. Ganglioside GM1 asialo mixture contains ganglioside GM1 asialo molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.

STING agonist 12L is a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist that exhibits binding affinity for both wild-type STING and its variants R232, AQ, and Q with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 1.15 µM for wild-type, 1.06 µM for R232, 0.61 µM for AQ, and 1.12 µM for Q. It effectively induces reporter gene expression in THP-1 and RAW 264.7 cells, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 0.38 µM and 12.94 µM, respectively. At a concentration of 5 µM, STING agonist 12L escalates the expression of IFNB1, CXCL10, and IL6 mRNA in THP-1 cells. When administered in vivo at a dose of 10 mg/kg, it enhances plasma IFN-β levels and considerably reduces tumor volume and the number of lung metastases in a B16/F10 murine melanoma model.

Influenza NP (311-325) is a biologically active peptide composed of amino acids 311 to 325 derived from the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP). As a bona fide MHC class II-restricted epitope, it is instrumental for studying host immune responses during viral infection. It notably induces robust gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in intracellular cytokine assays while not stimulating CD8 T-cells in mice. Additionally, the presence of Glutamine (Q) or Glutamic acid (E) at the N-terminus can lead to the spontaneous formation of Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides, which may enhance peptide stability against gastrointestinal proteases through the hydrophobic γ-lactam ring of pGlu. Consequently, these peptides are considered a normal variant and factored into the peptide purity measurements in HPLC analysis.

Cyclic diadenylate (c-di-AMP) sodium functions as a STING agonist by binding to the STING transmembrane protein, thus activating the TBK3-IRF3 signaling pathway. This activation prompts the production of type I IFN and TNF. Additionally, c-di-AMP sodium serves as a bacterial second messenger in Gram-positive bacteria, where it plays crucial roles in regulating cell growth, survival, and virulence, as well as the host immune response. It also acts as a potent mucosal adjuvant by stimulating both humoral and cellular responses [1] [2] [3] [4].

Alloferon 1, a peptide derived from the blood of the blow fly Calliphora vicina (Diptera) [1] [2] [3], exhibits antiviral and antitumoral properties. It activates natural cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, induces IFN synthesis, and enhances resistance against viral and tumor challenges in mice. Additionally, Alloferon 1 demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema models.

SM-276001 is a potent selective agonist of TLR7,and is an orally active interferon (IFN) inducer.

T6167923 is a potent, selective inhibitor of MyD88-dependent signaling pathways. It achieves this by directly binding to the Toll/IL1 receptor (TIR) domain of MyD88, preventing MyD88 homodimer formation. Subsequently, T6167923 impedes NF-κB driven Staphylococcus enterotoxin AP (SEAP) activity and boasts improved anti-inflammatory effects, with IC50s values of 2.7 μM for IFN-γ, 2.9 μM for IL-1β, and 2.66 μM each for IL-6 and TNF-α, demonstrating its efficacy across multiple inflammatory mediators [1].

FITC-labeled ODN 1585 (sodium) effectively induces IFN and TNFα production and serves to assess CpG ODN cellular uptake and localization through confocal laser-scanning microscopy (excitation 495 nm, emission 520 nm) or flow cytometry.

JAK-IN-27, also known as compound 1, is an orally active, potent inhibitor of the JAKS family kinases, displaying inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 3.0 nM for TYK2, 7.7 nM for JAK1, and 629.6 nM for JAK3. Moreover, JAK-IN-27 impedes IFN-α2B-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 in Jurkat cells with an IC50 of 23.7 nM [1].

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (651-670) (IRBP651-670), a peptide fragment of retinoid-binding protein 3 (also known as IRBP), plays a crucial role in the visual cycle by facilitating the transport of retinol and retinal between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. This transport is essential for the regeneration of pigments necessary for vision. When administered at a dose of 300 µg/animal, IRBP651-670 induces autoimmune uveoretinitis in C57BL/6 mice, a model possessing the H-2b haplotype. This immunization leads to increased levels of ocular cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, promotes immune cell infiltration into the eye, and results in photoreceptor cell damage.

Deucravacitinib HCl is a Highly Potent and Selective Allosteric Inhibitor of TYK2. BMS-986165 Blocks Il-12, IL-23 and type I Interferon Signaling and Provides for Robust Efficacy in Preclinical Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. MS-986165 potently binds to the Tyk2 pseudokinase domain (Ki = 0.02 nM), and is highly selective against a panel of 265 kinases and pseudokinases. The compound potently inhibited IL-23-, IL-12-, and Type I interferon-driven cellular signaling and transcriptional responses (IC50 range 2-14 nM).