l-2009

L-2009 is a bioactive chemical.

Alphitonin is a flavonoid that has been found in L. leptolepis wood.1 It is also a metabolic intermediate that is formed during the catabolism of quercetin by the human gut bacteria E. ramulus.2,3 |1. Chen, K., Ohmura, W., Doi, S., et al. Termite feeding deterrent from Japanese larch wood. Bioresour. Technol. 95(2), 129-134 (2004).|2. Braune, A., Gütschow, M., Engst, W., et al. Degradation of quercetin and luteolin by Eubacterium ramulus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(12), 5558-55567 (2001).|3. Jaganath, I.B., Mullen, W., Lean, M.E.J., et al. In vitro catabolism of rutin by human fecal bacteria and the antioxidant capacity of its catabolites. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47(8), 1180-1189 (2009).

Deoxy donepezil is a potential impurity found in bulk preparations of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil .1It is produced as a by-product during donepezil synthesis.2 1.Krishna Reddy, K.V.S.R., Moses Babu, J., Anil Kumar, P., et al.Identification and characterization of potential impurities of donepezilJ. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.35(5)1047-1058(2004) 2.Krizmanic, I., Lerman, L., Samardzic, Z., et al.Impurities of donepezil(2009)

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng/ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng/ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS/MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

UDP-N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine is a natural nucleotide sugar that is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues to substrates.1It is an important component of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in fungi and lipopolysaccharide production in bacteria.2,3 1.Roseman, S.Reflections on glycobiologyJ. Biol. Chem.276(45)41527-41542(2001) 2.Kudo, F., and Eguchi, T.Biosynthetic genes for aminoglycoside antibioticsJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)62(9)471-481(2009) 3.Mulrooney, E.F., Poon, K.K., McNally, D.J., et al.Biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-L-fucosamine, a precursor to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11J. Biol. Chem.280(20)19535-19542(2005)

Photoswitchable Kv channel blocker (IC50 values are 2 and 64 μM at 500 nm and 380 nm respectively). Switches conformation from cis to trans at 500 nm and trans to cis at 380 nm. Exhibits minimal activity at Nav1.2 and L-type Ca2+ channels. Stimulates action potential firing of hippocampal neurons in vitro at 500 nm and restores visual responsiveness in blind mice at 380 nm. Fortin et al (2008) Photochemical control of endogenous ion channels and cellular excitability. Nat.Methods 5 331 PMID:18311146 |Polosukhina et al (2012) Photochemical restoration of visual responses in blind mice. Neuron 75 271 PMID:22841312 |Banghart et al (2009) Photochromic blockers of voltage-gated potassium channels. Angew.Chem.Int.Ed. 48 9097 PMID:19882609

Destruxin B2 is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide mycotoxin that has been found in M. anisopliae and has antiviral, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities.1,2,3 It inhibits secretion of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) by Hep3B cells expressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (IC50 = 1.3 μM).1 Destruxin B2 is toxic to Sf9 insect cells in an electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) test with a 50% inhibitory concentration (ECIS50) value of 92 μM.4 It is also phytotoxic to B. napus leaves.3 |1. Yeh, S.F., Pan, W., Ong, G.-T., et al. Study of structure-activity correlation in destruxins, a class of cyclodepsipeptides possessing suppressive effect on the generation of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in human hepatoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229(1), 65-72 (1996).|2. Male, K.B., Tzeng, Y.-M., Montes, J., et al. Probing inhibitory effects of destruxins from Metarhizium anisopliae using insect cell based impedance spectroscopy: Inhibition vs chemical structure. Analyst 134(7), 1447-1452 (2009).|3. Buchwaldt, L., and Green, H. Phytotoxicity of destruxin B and its possible role in the pathogenesis of Alternaria brassicae. Plant Pathol. 41(1), 55-63 (1992).

HT-2 Toxin, a deacetylated metabolite of T-2 toxin, impairs protein synthesis and hinders cell proliferation in plants.