Nimodipine (BAY-e 9736), a 1, 4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, acts primarily on vascular smooth muscle cells.

Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.

QAQ dichloride is a photoswitchable compound that blocks voltage-gated Na v and K v channels. Its channel-blocking activity is observed in the trans form of the azobenzene photoswitch, while the cis form does not exhibit this effect. This compound is membrane-impermeant and selectively enters pain-sensing neurons expressing endogenous import channels. QAQ dichloride functions as a light-sensitive analgesic and provides a valuable tool for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in acute and chronic pain [1] [2].

Rhodopsin peptide is a peptide with the sequence H2N-Val-Ser-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Ser-Gln-Val-Ala-Pro-Ala-OH, MW= 1217.33. Rhodopsin is a biological pigment in photoreceptor cells of the retina that is responsible for the first events in the perception of ligh

Coelenterazine H is a synthetic derivative of coelenterazine (a light-emitting biomolecule).Coelenterazine h (CLZN-h) is more sensitive to Ca 2+ than is the native complex, thus providing a valuable tool for measuring small changes in Ca 2+ concentrations.

OptoBI-1 is a light-sensitive molecule that is photochromic TRPC3 agonist. OptoBI-1 asts as a photopharmacological tool to control of neuronal firing [1].

DMNB-caged-Serine is a photocaged amino acid . DMNB is a caging group which is sensitive to blue light. DMNB-caged-Serine can be incorporated into proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to the amber nonsense codon TAG, which can be helpful for controlling the chemical composition of mammalian proteins..

(-)-Bicuculline methochloride is a potent antagonist of GABAA receptor.

Bicuculline methobromide, a selective GABAA Receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of 3 μM, induces tonic-clonic convulsions in mammals and blocks Ca2+ activated potassium channels. It is applicable in researching epilepsy and related psychiatric disorders.

Bicuculline methochloride ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), a selective GABAA receptor antagonist, exhibits an IC50 of 3 μM. It induces tonic-clonic convulsions in mammals and blocks Ca2+ activated potassium channels, making it useful for studying epilepsy and related psychiatric disorders [1] [2].