Magnesium glycinate (magnesium 2-aminoacetate) is a supplement that boost magnesium levels in people with a deficiency of the mineral. Magnesium is a vital nutrient for regulating many body processes, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. This mineral also supports the making of protein, bone, and DNA.

Polidocanol (Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether) is an alkyl polyethylene glycol ether of lauryl alcohol, which is a derivative of natural fatty or alkyl alcohols in natural mineral oil and is a hardener. Polidocanol can be used as a local anesthetic, but in combination with other anesthetic drugs there is a risk of enhancing the effects of the anesthetic drugs on the cardiovascular system.

Teriparatide acetate (Forteo) is a PHT agonist, with an IC50 of 2 nM in HEK293 cells.Teriparatide acetate is a recombinant form of parathyroid hormone. It is an effective anabolic (i.e., bone growing) agent used to treat some forms of osteoporosis. Intermittent use of Teriparatide acetate activates osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, which leads to an overall increase in bone.

1. Poncirin (Isosakuranetin-7-neohesperidoside) shows a significant in vitro inhibitory effect on the growth of the human gastric cancer cells, SGC-791, in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Poncirin prevents adipogenesis, enhances osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal stem cellsincreased bone mineral density, and improves trabecular microarchitecture likely reflect increases bone formation and decreases bone resorption in GIO mice.

Hydrogenated didecene as skin-softening agent derived from didecene, which is a hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Examples of common hydrocarbons include mineral oil, petroleum, and paraffin wax.

C-telopeptide, a cross-linked peptide derived from type I collagen, is liberated through bone resorption and has demonstrated a correlation with bone mineral density (BMD).

The compound AVSEHQLLHDKGKSIQDLRRRFFLHHLI-{Aib}-EIHTAYRFGG facilitates bone ossification and has potential applications in the study of conditions associated with osteogenic insufficiency or diminished bone mineral density (BMD), including osteoporosis [1].

Eldecalcitol possesses a potent inhibitory effect on bone resorption and induces a significant increase in bone mineral density. Eldecalcitol is an orally active analogue of active vitamin D. It also is used in the treatment of osteoporosis .

3-epi-25-hydroxy Vitamin D3is the C-3 epimer of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3.1Dietary administration of 3-epi-25-hydroxy vitamin D3(0.5 and 1 IU/g) decreases levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in male, but not female, weanling rats. 1.Djekic-Ivankovic, M., Lavery, P., Agellon, S., et al.The C-3α epimer of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from endogenous and exogenous sources supports normal growth and bone mineral density in weanling ratsJ. Nutr.147(2)141-151(2017)

Ranelic acid is an organic acid capable of chelating metal cations. Strontium ranelate, the strontium salt of Ranelic acid, is utilized to treat osteoporosis and increase bone mineral density.

pTH (1-37) (human), a fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH), promotes cAMP formation and enhances alkaline phosphatase activity. Additionally, it fosters growth, elevates bone calcium content, and augments bone mineral density (BMD) in uremic animals. This compound shows promise for osteoporosis research [1] [2] [3].

D-(+)-Fucose is a non-metabolizable analog of l-arabinose and an inducer of β-methylgalactoside permease. It inhibits the induction of the l-arabinose manipulator and blocks the growth of Escherichia coli B/r on mineral salts medium with l-arabinose.

Pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) is a natural product from shark liver oil and a non-antigenic adjuvant.

Wollastonite is an industrial mineral comprised chemically of calcium, silicon, and oxygen. It has been determined to have low biopersistence in both in vivo and in vitro studies, which probably accounts for its relative lack of toxicity. There are no ple

Neoabietic acid is an abietic-type acid isolated from the oleoresin and rosin of Pinus palustris . Neoabietic acid is highly susceptible to mineral acid. Neoabietic acid has antibacterial activity in vitro.

VEL-0230, also known as NC-2300, is a potent cathespin K inhibitor. VEL-0230 has dual-acting properties that both stimulates bone formation and inhibits loss. VEL-0230 is being studied preclinically for the treatment of diseases involving bone mineral disorders such as bone loss related to multiple myeloma, osteoporosis, bone metastases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Velcura Therapeutics is currently being developed by Velcura Therapeutics. Given VEL- 0230's promotion of bone formation, inhibition of bone loss and reduction of calcium levels, Velcura has chosen Myeloma as its lead indication, as the bone fragility, bone pain, high calcium levels and eventual kidney involvement present serious medical and quality of life issues to affected patients.

(-)-(S)-Equol (4',7-Dihydroxyisoflavan) is an orally bioavailable, non-steroidal estrogen naturally produced by the metabolism of the isoflavonoid daidzein by human intestinal microflora, with potential chemoprotective and estrogen receptor (ER) modulating activities. S-equol preferentially binds to and activates the beta isoform of ER in certain target tissues, while having an antagonistic effect in other tissues. This modulates the expression of ER-responsive genes in a tissue-specific manner. This agent may increase bone mineral density, affect vasomotor symptoms, and may decrease the proliferation rate of susceptible cancer cells. In addition, this agent interferes with the activity of enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis. S-equol inhibits dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production and may inhibit the proliferation of androgen-driven prostate cancer. S-equol is the biologically active enantiomer while R-equol is essentially inactive and has a weak affinity for alpha-ER.

CaSR Antagonist-1 is a potent inhibitor of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 50 nM, suitable for the investigation of diseases related to dysregulated bone or mineral homeostasis, including osteoporosis [1].

VnP-16, a synthetic peptide fragment mirroring amino acids 270-281 of vitronectin (a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in cell attachment, migration, and spreading), promotes attachment and spreading of isolated human osteogenic cells. This effect is reversible with β1 integrin siRNA knockdown when VnP-16 is applied at 9.1 µg/cm2 on cell plates. The compound enhances osteogenesis in human skin-derived mesenchymal precursors and MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial osteoblast precursors. Furthermore, in vivo studies show VnP-16 mitigates IL-1α-induced bone loss, reduces calvarial osteoclast numbers in mice, increases bone mineral density, and lessens trabecular bone loss in a mouse model of ovariectomy-induced bone loss.

Dorzolamide hydrochloride (MK507 hydrochloride) is the hydrochloride salt form of dorzolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, a zinc-containing enzyme that catalyzes the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons and bicarbonate ions. Distributed throughout many cells and tissues, various carbonic anhydrases play important roles in mineral and metabolic homeostasis.

17β-hydroxy Exemestane is the primary active metabolite of exemestane . It is formed by metabolism of exemestane by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP1A and CYP4A11. 17β-hydroxy Exemestane is an aromatase inhibitor (IC50 = 69 nM using human placental microsomes) and an androgen receptor (AR) agonist (IC50 = 39.6 nM) that is selective for AR over estrogen receptor α (ERα; IC50 = 21.2 μM). It stimulates growth of AR- and ERα-positive MCF-7 (EC50 = 2.7 μM) and T47D breast cancer cells (EC50s = 0.43 and 1,500 nM for AR- and ER-mediated growth, respectively) and inhibits proliferation of testosterone-treated aromatase-overexpressing MCF-7aro cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 17β-hydroxy Exemestane (20 mg/kg) inhibits increases in serum cholesterol and LDL levels and prevents decreases in bone mineral density in the lumbar vertebrae and femur, as well as femoral bending strength and compressive strength of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, in ovariectomized rats.