nephroprotective

L-Ornithine hydrochloride ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) has an antifatigue effect by increasing the efficiency of energy consumption and promoting the excretion of ammonia. It is one of the key reactants in the urea cycle.

Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

Trans-Psoralenoside exhibits hepatoprotective (liver-protective), nephroprotective (kidney-protective), antiulcer, and anticoagulant properties.

Rutin hydrate (Sophorin), a kind of glycoside, widely exists in many plants including citrus fruit.

1. Mulberroside has nephroprotective, hypoglycemic, and antidiabetic effects. 2. Mulberroside A is a glycosylated stilbene of oxyresveratrol; thus, the deglycosylation of Mulberroside A resulted in enhanced inhibition of melanogenesis. 3. Mulberroside A has anti-inflammatory antiapoptotic effects. by decreasing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and inhibiting the activation of NALP3, caspase-1, and nuclear factor-κB and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38.

Cinnamtannin A2, a tetrameric procyanidin, enhances GLP-1 and insulin secretion in mice, upregulates the expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), and exhibits antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and nephroprotective effects.

Lactiflorin is a monoterpene glycoside from paeony root. Lactiflorin possesses nephroprotective effect.