prolactin releasing peptide (12 31), human

Prolactin Releasing Peptide (1-31), human is a high affinity GPR10 ligand that cause the release of the prolactin

Human growth hormone-releasing factor acetate is a hypothalamic polypeptide and stimulates GH production and release by binding to the GHRH Receptor (GHRHR) on cells in the anterior pituitary[1].

C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) (1-22), human acetate is an agonist of natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), an endothelial-derived relaxant and growth inhibitory factor. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) (1-22), human acetate inhibits cAMP synthesis stimulated by histamine and 5-HT or directly by Forskolin.

3X FLAG peptide TFA (402750-12-3 free base) (3X FLAG peptide TFA) is a synthetic peptide of 23 amino acid residue. The Asp-Tyr-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Asp motif is repeated three times in the peptide.

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate is an activator of PAC1 receptor. PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal NPY and catecholamine production and can

TNF-α (31-45), human acetate is a peptide of tumor necrosis factor-α.

Amyloid β Peptide (42-1)(human) acetate is the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42). Amyloid β Peptide (42-1)(human) acetate is a 42-amino acid peptide which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

GnRH Associated Peptide (GAP) (1-13), human Acetate was found to be a potent inhibitor of prolactin secretion and to stimulate the release of gonadotropins. Active immunization with peptides corresponding to GAP sequences led to greatly increased prolacti

PAMP-12 (human, porcine) acetate (PAMP-12 (human, porcine) acetate (196305-05-2 free base)) , a major component of ir-PAMP, is processed from the AM precursor, as is PAMP-20, and may participate in cardiovascular control.

Proinsulin C-peptide human acetate (Proinsulin C-peptide human acetate (33017-11-7 Free base)) is a polypeptide of 31 amino acid residues that links the A and B chains of proinsulin to ensure proper folding, has biological activity and regulates cellular functions.

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide, human(TFA) is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (human) acetate stimulates to synthesize and secret adrenocorticotropin in the anterior pituitary.

Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36), human (Peptide YY (3-36)), is a gut hormone peptide that acts as a Y2 receptor agonist to reduce appetite.

C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) (1-22), human, is the 1-22 fragment of the parent C-Type Natriuretic Peptide.

Pegylated synthetic human C-peptide exhibits similar bioactivity to natural C-peptides (non-polyethylene glycolated) and demonstrates an extended plasma half-life, making it suitable for research in diabetic peripheral neuropathy [1].

PAMP-12(human, porcine) TFA, a significant constituent of immunoreactive (ir)-PAMP, derives from the adrenomedullin precursor and functions as a potent hypotensive peptide involved in cardiovascular regulation [1].

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, a truncated form of MOG located on the extracellular myelin sheath surface, interacts with antigen serotype HLA-DR2 to mitigate effects of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. In female mice, it notably reduces cortical and striatal infarct volumes, lessens sensorimotor deficits as observed in tube- and corner turn tests, enhances engagement with novel odors, and prolongs the duration of cage mate-directed vocalizations, without exhibiting similar outcomes in male mice.

Gastric inhibitory peptide 1 (GIP-1) (3-42), a fragment of the incretin hormone GIP and antagonist to the GIP receptor, is generated through the action of serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4). When administered at 25 nmol/kg to an ob/ob mouse diabetes model, GIP-1 (3-42) elevates plasma glucose levels and lowers plasma insulin levels, demonstrating its effect on reducing insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 pancreatic cells at a concentration of 100 nM.

(Leu31,Pro34)-Peptide YY (human) is a derivative of Peptide YY that acts as a potent and selective Y1 receptor agonist, with a dissociation constant (KD) of 1.0 nM [1].

Human PTH-(1-31), the 1-31 fragment of human parathyroid hormone, stimulates cAMP release and mildly activates 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase. Unlike its full-length counterpart, it promotes bone formation without triggering bone resorption, making it a promising candidate for osteoporosis research [1] [2].

Amyloid-β (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)) is an 11-residue fragment of the Aβ protein that retains the physical and biological characteristics of the full length peptide. It forms fibrils that react to thioflavin T and Congo red and are organized in a cross-β arrangement of β-strands similar to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) fibrils. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) decreases the viability of rat adrenal PC12 cells. It also decreases the viability of primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 30 μM. In vivo, intracerebral injection of Aβ (25-35) (20 nmol) in rats induces lesions of neuronal and tissue loss. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) administered intracerebroventricularly to rats induces learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.

(Leu31,Pro34)-Peptide YY (human) (TFA) is the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) form of (Leu31,Pro34)-Peptide YY (human), a derivative of Peptide YY that acts as a potent and selective Y1 agonist, exhibiting a dissociation constant (K D) of 1.0 nM [1].

Atrial natriuretic peptide (3-28) (human) (ANP (3-28) (human)), a peptide hormone produced by the atrial myocardium, critically regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis [1] [2].

β-Endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and opioid receptor agonist that preferentially binds to μ-opioid receptors. Produced by specific neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system, it is one of three endorphins synthesized in humans. It functions to alleviate stress, maintain homeostasis, and regulate neurological pain perception [1].

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37), human, is a highly potent agonist of the GLP-1 receptor and a pancreatic hormone synthesized by post-translational processing of proglucagon. Unlike truncated forms of GLP-1, it neither affects food intake in rats nor enhances pancreatic insulin secretion.

CNP, a member of the natriuretic peptide family, was first identified in porcine brain and later found in other mammals as well as non-mammals. Processing of the CNP precursor gives rise to CNP-22 and its N-terminally elongated form, CNP-53. The CNPs shar

TNF-α (31-45), human (TFA) is a peptide of tumor necrosis factor-α.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37), human (TFA), is a highly potent agonist of the GLP-1 receptor and is a pancreatic hormone synthesized through post-translational processing of proglucagon.

Adrenomedullin (16-31), human, is an amino acid residues 16-31 fragment of human adrenomedullin (hADM).

TNF-α (31-45), human (TFA), is a peptide of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF alpha), an inflammatory cytokine that induces necrosis or apoptosis.

Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor TFA, also known as Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Human TFA, is a hypothalamic polypeptide that promotes the production and release of growth hormone (GH) through its interaction with the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GHRHR) on anterior pituitary cells [1].

Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human) TFA, a fatty acid-derivatized analog of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, exhibits enhanced antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic properties. It is utilized in the research of diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity [1] [2] [3].

Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36), human trifluoroacetate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T64716.

Klotho-derived peptide 1 (KP1) (56-87), a peptide originating from the human Klotho protein, disrupts TGF-β signaling by binding to TGF-β receptor types 1 and 2 (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2; Kds = 1.41 and 14.6 µM, respectively). Preincubation with KP1 at a concentration of 10 µg/ml hinders the TGF-β-induced escalation of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels in NRK-49F rat fibroblasts. Furthermore, in vivo studies reveal that KP1, administered at 1 mg/kg per day, preferentially accumulates in damaged kidneys, leading to significant reductions in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, indicators of improved kidney function. Additionally, it decreases kidney fibrosis in mouse models of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced renal fibrosis.

Proadrenomedullin N-terminal 12 peptide (PAMP-12), an endogenous fragment originating from the adrenal medulla and spanning amino acids 9-20 of human PAMP-20, plays a role in causing hypotension. It functions as an agonist for the MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor family member X2 (MRGPRX2), inhibiting forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human MRGPRX2 (EC50 = 57.2 nM) and selectively prompting calcium mobilization in these cells (EC50 = 41 nM), but not in cells expressing MRGPRX1, MRGPRX3, or MRGPRX4 at 1 µM. As an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), PAMP-12 obstructs carbachol-triggered catecholamine release and the influx of calcium and sodium (IC50s = 1.3, 0.39, and 0.87 µM, respectively) in primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, with no effect on histamine-induced responses (IC50s = >1 µM for all). Additionally, it decreases mean arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats at doses ranging from 10 to 50 nmol/kg.

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) (7-36)-Lys (Biotin), amide, human, is a human GLP-1 (7-36) amide biotinylated at the C-terminal.

Sphistin Synthetic Peptide (12-38, Fitc in N-Terminal-Fluorescently Labeled Peptide) represents truncated fragments of the parent peptide, characterized by an N-terminal fluorescent label (Fitc).

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (1-28), human, porcine, Biotin-labeled, is one of three mammalian natriuretic peptides (NPs) with endocrine effects on fluid homeostasis and blood pressure, holding promise for cardiovascular disease research.

Galanin-Like Peptide (human) is a neuropeptide composed of 60 amino acids, crucial for regulating feeding, body weight, and energy metabolism [1].

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat (TFA), exhibits potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neurons.

Corticotropin-releasing factor human (Human CRF; Human corticotropin-releasing factor) is an immunomodulatory neuropeptide that releases ACTH from the anterior pituitary, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla, reduces hyperpolarizations, and acts as a functional antagonist of inflammatory mediators.

This human neuropeptide of the RFamide peptide family with orexigenic activity may be also involved in the control of feeding behavior. The 26RFa gene is exclusively expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and in the lateral hypothalamic area.

Potent endogenous peptide agonist of Mas related GPR X2 (MRGPRX2, EC50 = 57.2 nM). Corresponds to amino acids 9 to 20 of proadrenomedullin.

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a recently identified intestinal epithelium-specific growth factor that has been shown to reduce the severity of inflammatory disorders of the intestine in rodent models. Currently Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 is used as a po

Prolactin-Releasing Peptide (12-31), rat, a fragment of PrRP, exhibits high affinity for GPR10 receptors and stimulates calcium mobilization in CHOK1 cells transfected with the PrRP receptor [1][2].

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (22-51), a pro-atherogenic peptide comprised of 30 amino acids from the residues 22-51 of its precursor protein proGIP, is present in human plasma. It activates the degradation of IκB-α and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in both macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and human aortic endothelial cells at a concentration of 1 µM. Additionally, in ApoE-/- mice, GIP (22-51) escalates the area of atherosclerotic lesions and plaque development in vivo.

Human PTH-(1-31) amide, an analog of PTH, effectively stimulates phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis and promotes the release of adenylyl cyclase [1].